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Pioneer 4
title Pioneer 4
date 03.03.1959
description Pioneer 4 was a spin stabilized spacecraft launched on a lunar flyby trajectory and into a heliocentric orbit making it the first US probe to escape from the Earth's gravity. It carried a payload similar to Pioneer 3: a lunar radiation environment experiment using a Geiger-Mueller tube detector and a lunar photography experiment. It passed within 60,000 km of the Moon's surface. However, Pioneer 4 did not come close enough to trigger the photoelectric sensor. No lunar radiation was detected. The spacecraft was still in solar orbit as of 1969. *Image Credit*: NASA
First to Saturn
title First to Saturn
description An artist's view of a Pioneer spacecraft heading into interstellar space. Both Pioneer 10 and 11 are on trajectories that will eventually take them out of our solar system. Pioneer 11 sent its last signal in November 1995. NASA maintained contact with Pioneer 10 until January 2003. *Image Credit*: NASA
Pioneer 10 Cons …
title Pioneer 10 Construction
date 12.20.1971
description Pioneer 10 in the final stage of construction in at the TRW plant in Southern California. *Image Credit*: NASA Ames Research Center
Dr. von Braun w …
Name of Image Dr. von Braun with Pioneer IV
Date of Image 1959-03-01
Full Description Dr. von Braun and engineers inspect two components of Pioneer IV satellite, the payload of the Juno II AM14, March 1, 1959. The mercury batteries (left) would be used to power the radio transmitter, cosmic radiation counter and other instruments in Pioneer IV. The conical shroud placed over instruments of Pioneer IV was plated with gold to improve conductivity. The metal surface also served as the anterna for the probe's instruments signaling back to the Earth receiving stations.
AC73-9344
Artist: Rick Gu …
11/26/74
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer 10 Crosses the Asteriod Belt: If spacecraft are to visit the outer Solar System, they must cross the asteroid belt between Mars and Jpiter. The Pioneer mission was faced with the question of just how dangerous this astroid belt would be to a spacecraft passing throught it. Note: used in NASA SP-349 "Pioneer Odyssey - Encounter with a Giant" fig. 1-24 and SP-446 " Pioneer - First to Jupiter, Saturn, and Beyond" fig 1-24
Date 11/26/74
Pioneer 10: The …
Title Pioneer 10: The First 7 Billion Miles
Explanation "Q:" What was made by humans and is 7.3 billion miles away? "A:" Pioneer 10 -- and 1997 was the 25th anniversary [ http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/pioneer10/ ] of its launch. Almost 11 light-hours distant, Pioneer 10 is presently [ http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/pioneer/ PNStat.html ] about twice as far from the Sun as Pluto, and bound for interstellar space [ http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/pioneer/ path.html ] at 28,000 miles per hour. The distinction of being the first human artifact to venture beyond the known planets [ http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/cosmic/solar_system.html ] of the Solar System is just one in a long list of firsts for this spacefaring ambassador [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap960630.html ], including, the first spacecraft to travel through the asteroid belt and explore the outer Solar System [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap961214.html ], the first spacecraft to visit Jupiter [ http://ccf.arc.nasa.gov/galileo_probe/index.html ], and the first to use a planet's gravity to change [ http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf4-1.htm#gravity ] its course and to reach solar-system-escape velocity. Pioneer 10's mission [ http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/pioneer10/mission/ index.html ] is nearing an end. Now exploring the distant reaches of the heliosphere [ http://earth.agu.org/revgeophys/neugeb01/neugeb01.html ] it will soon run out of sufficient electrical power to operate science instruments. However, the 570 lb. spacecraft [ ftp://ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/pressrel/1997/97-031.txt ] will continue to coast and in 300,000 years or so it will pass within about 3 light years of nearby star [ http://cassfos02.ucsd.edu/public/nearest.html ] Ross 248. Ross 248 is a faint red dwarf just over 10 light years distant in the constellation Taurus. (Note: In 1998 Voyager 1 [ http://vraptor.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/voyager.html ], launched 5 years later but traveling faster than Pioneer 10, became humanity's most distant spacecraft.)
Pioneer 10: The …
Title Pioneer 10: The First 6 Billion Miles
Explanation "Q:" What was made by humans and is 6.5 billion miles away? "A:" Pioneer 10 - and last year was the 25th anniversary of its launch [ http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/pioneer10/ ]. More than 9.5 light-hours distant, Pioneer 10 is presently [ http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/pioneer/PNStat.html ] about twice as far from the Sun as Pluto [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970204.html ], bound for interstellar space at 28,000 miles per hour. The distinction of being the first human artifact to venture beyond the Solar System [ http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/pioneer/path.html ] is just one in a long list of firsts for this spacefaring ambassador [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap960630.html ], including, the first spacecraft to travel through the asteroid belt and explore the outer Solar System [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap961214.html ], the first spacecraft to visit Jupiter [ http://ccf.arc.nasa.gov/galileo_probe/index.html ], the first to use a planet's gravity to change its course and to reach solar-system-escape velocity, and the first spacecraft to pass beyond the known planets. Pioneer 10's mission is nearing an end [ http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/pioneer10/mission/index.html ] - now exploring the distant reaches of the heliosphere [ http://earth.agu.org/revgeophys/neugeb01/neugeb01.html ] it will soon run out of sufficient electrical power to operate science instruments. However, the 570 lb. spacecraft will continue to coast [ ftp://ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/pressrel/1997/97-031.txt ] and in 30,000 years or so it will pass within about 3 light years of a nearby star [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap961019.html ] known as Ross 248. Ross 248 is a faint red dwarf just over 10 light years distant in the constellation Taurus. (Note: This year Voyager 1 [ http://vraptor.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/voyager.html ], launched 21 years ago but traveling faster than Pioneer 10, became humanity's most distant spacecraft.)
Pioneer I on th …
Title Pioneer I on the Launch Pad
Full Description Thor-Able I with the Pioneer I spacecraft atop, prior to launch at Eastern Test Range at what is now Kennedy Space Center. Pioneer I launched on October 11, 1958, the first spacecraft launched by the 11 day old National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Although it failed to reach the Moon it did transmit 43 hours of data.
Date 10/11/1958
NASA Center Headquarters
View of Jupiter
Title View of Jupiter
Full Description This view of Jupiter shows the giant planet's cloud tops taken by the Pioneer 10 spacecraft as it flew past Jupiter last December. This view was taken from 2,695,000 kilometers (1,842,451 miles) away. It shows the 25,000 mile long Great Red Spot, which is large enough to swallow up several Earths. Individual cloud formations are visible in some detail. The bright zones appear to become split up into the detailed flow patterns of Jupiter's atmosphere and clouds. The area surrounding the Spot in the bright South Tropical Zone, suggests a flow pattern about the Spot which is bulged toward the north by the Spot. The Spot may be a gigantic "permanent hurricane." The gigantic cloud swirls are thousands or more miles across. Pioneer 10 flew past Jupiter in December 1974 and flew past the orbit of Pluto in 1987. A sister spacecraft, Pioneer 11 reached Jupiter in December 1975. The Pioneer Project was managed by NASA's Ames Research Center, Mountain View, Calafornia. The spacecraft was built by TRW Systems.
Date 01/01/1975
NASA Center Headquarters
Pioneer 10 Traj …
Title Pioneer 10 Trajectory
Full Description This image, drawn in 1970, is an artist's rendering of the Pioneer 10 spacecraft trajectory, with the planets labeled and a list of the instruments that were intended to be flown. Before the use of computer animation, artists were hired by JPL and NASA to depict a spacecraft in flight, for use as a visual aid to promote the project during development. Pioneer 10 was managed by NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California. The Pioneer F spacecraft, as it was known before launch, was designed and built by TRW Systems Group, Inc. JPL developed three instruments that flew on the spacecraft: Magnetic Fields, S-Band Occultation, and Celestial Mechanics, as well as running the Deep Space Network which provided tracking and data system support. Caltech was responsible for the Jovian Infrared Thermal Structure experiment. Pioneer was very successful, crossing the orbit of Mars and the asteroid belt beyond it, encountering, studying, and photographing Jupiter, then crossing the orbits of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It left the solar system in 1983 and has been contacted several times in the past few years. As of July 2001, the spacecraft was still able to send a return signal to Earth. At Jupiter, the experiments of Pioneer were used to examine the environmental and atmospheric characteristics of the giant planet. Pioneer was also the vital precursor to all future flights to the outer solar system. It determined that a spacecraft could safely fly through the asteroid belt. It also measured the intensity of Jupiter's radiation belt so that NASA could design future Jupiter (and other outer planets) orbiters.
Date 03/07/1972
NASA Center Jet Propulsion Laboratory
AC73-9341
Composite Pione …
1973
Description Composite Pioneer 10 imagery Excitement rose as the PICS displayed images of Jupiter of ever-increasing size as Pioneer 10 plunged at high speed toward its closest approach to the planet. The most dramatic moment was perhaps after closest approach and after the spacecraft has been hidden behind Jupiter. PICS (Pioneer Image Converter System) began to show a few spots on the screens, which gradually built up into a very distorted crescent-shaped Jupiter. "Sunrise on Jupiter," exclaimed an experimenter excitedly. "We've made it safely through periapsis." Subsequent PICS images were of a crescent Jupiter gradually decreasing in size as the spacecraft sped away out of the Jovian system. Note: used in NASA SP-349 "Pioneer Odyssey - Encounter with a Giant" fig. 5-15 and SP-446 " Pioneer - First to Jupiter, Saturn, and Beyond" fig. 5-16.
Date 1973
Pioneer I on th …
title Pioneer I on the Launch Pad
date 10.11.1958
description Thor-Able I with the Pioneer I spacecraft atop, prior to launch at Eastern Test Range at what is now Kennedy Space Center. Pioneer I launched on October 11, 1958, the first spacecraft launched by the 11 day old National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Although it failed to reach the Moon it did transmit 43 hours of data. *Image Credit*: NASA
Pioneer 11 Imag …
Title Pioneer 11 Image of Saturn and its Moon Titan
Full Description NASA's Pioneer 11 image of Saturn and its moon Titan at the upper left. The irregularities in ring silhouette and shadow are due to technical anomalies in the preliminary data later corrected. Looking at the rings from left to right, the ring area begins with the outer A ring, the Encke Division, the inner A Ring, Cassini Division, the B Ring, the C Ring, and the innermost area where the D Ring would be. The image was made by Pioneer Saturn on Wednesday, August 26, 1979, and received on Earth at 3:19 pm PDT. Pioneer was, at that time, 2,846,000 kilometers (1,768,422 miles) from Saturn. The image was produced by computer at the University of Arizona and managed by NASA's Ames Research Center.
Date 08/31/1979
NASA Center Ames Research Center
Pioneer Launch …
Title Pioneer Launch on Delta Vehicle
Full Description NASA launches the last in the series of interplanetary Pioneer spacecraft, Pioneer 10 from Cape Kennedy, Florida. The long-tank Delta launch vehicle placed the spacecraft in a solar orbit along the path of Earth's orbit. The spacecraft then passed inside and outside Earth's orbit, alternately speeding up and slowing down relative to Earth. The Delta launch vehicle family started development in 1959. The Delta was composed of parts from the Thor, an intermediate-range ballistic missile, as its first stage, and the Vanguard as its second. The first Delta was launched from Cape Canaveral on May 13, 1960 and was powerful enough to deliver a 100-pound spacecraft into geostationary transfer orbit. Delta has been used to launch civil, commercial, and military satellites into orbit. For more information about Delta, please see Chapter 3 in Roger Launius and Dennis Jenkins' book To Reach the High Frontier published by The University Press of Kentucky in 2002.
Date 08/22/1969
NASA Center Kennedy Space Center
Pioneer F Plaqu …
Title Pioneer F Plaque Location
Full Description The Pioneer F spacecraft, destined to be the first man made object to escape from the solar system into interstellar space, carries this pictorial plaque. It is designed to show scientifically educated inhabitants of some other star system, who might intercept it millions of years from now, when Pioneer was launched, from where, and by what kind of beings. (Hopefully, any aliens reading the plaque will not use this knowledge to immediately invade Earth.) The design is etched into a 6 inch by 9 inch gold-anodized aluminum plate, attached to the spacecraft's attenna support struts in a position to help shield it from erosion by interstellar dust. The radiating lines at left represents the positions of 14 pulsars, a cosmic source of radio energy, arranged to indicate our sun as the home star of our civilization. The "1-" symbols at the ends of the lines are binary numbers that represent the frequencies of these pulsars at the time of launch of Pioneer F relative of that to the hydrogen atom shown at the upper left with a "1" unity symbol. The hydrogen atom is thus used as a "universal clock," and the regular decrease in the frequencies of the pulsars will enable another civilization to determine the time that has elapsed since Pioneer F was launched. The hydrogen is also used as a "universal yardstick" for sizing the human figures and outline of the spacecraft shown on the right. The hydrogen wavelength, about 8 inches, multiplied by the binary number representing "8" shown next to the woman gives her height, 64 inches. The figures represent the type of creature that created Pioneer. The man's hand is raised in a gesture of good will. Across the bottom are the planets, ranging outward from the Sun, with the spacecraft trajectory arching away from Earth, passing Mars, and swinging by Jupiter.
Date 02/25/1972
NASA Center Headquarters
Pioneer F Plaqu …
Title Pioneer F Plaque Symbology
Full Description The Pioneer F spacecraft, destined to be the first man made object to escape from the solar system into interstellar space, carries this pictorial plaque. It is designed to show scientifically educated inhabitants of some other star system, who might intercept it millions of years from now, when Pioneer was launched, from where, and by what kind of beings. (With the hope that they would not invade Earth.) The design is etched into a 6 inch by 9 inch gold-anodized aluminum plate, attached to the spacecraft's attenna support struts in a position to help shield it from erosion by interstellar dust. The radiating lines at left represents the positions of 14 pulsars, a cosmic source of radio energy, arranged to indicate our sun as the home star of our civilization. The "1-" symbols at the ends of the lines are binary numbers that represent the frequencies of these pulsars at the time of launch of Pioneer F relative of that to the hydrogen atom shown at the upper left with a "1" unity symbol. The hydrogen atom is thus used as a "universal clock," and the regular decrease in the frequencies of the pulsars will enable another civilization to determine the time that has elapsed since Pioneer F was launched. The hydrogen is also used as a "universal yardstick" for sizing the human figures and outline of the spacecraft shown on the right. The hydrogen wavelength, about 8 inches, multiplied by the binary number representing "8" shown next to the woman gives her height, 64 inches. The figures represent the type of creature that created Pioneer. The man's hand is raised in a gesture of good will. Across the bottom are the planets, ranging outward from the Sun, with the spacecraft trajectory arching away from Earth, passing Mars, and swinging by Jupiter.
Date 02/25/1972
NASA Center Headquarters
Pioneering Venu …
title Pioneering Venus
description An ultraviolet image of Venus' clouds as seen by the Pioneer Venus orbiter in 1979. Pioneer Venus used an orbiter and several small probes to study the planet from above and within the clouds. This image is from the orbiter. *Image Credit*: NASA
Pioneer 1
title Pioneer 1
date 10.11.1958
description Pioneer 1, the second and most successful of three project Able space probes and the first spacecraft launched by the newly formed NASA, was intended to study the ionizing radiation, cosmic rays, magnetic fields, and micrometeorites in the vicinity of the Earth and in lunar orbit. Due to a launch vehicle malfunction, the spacecraft attained only a ballistic trajectory and never reached the Moon. It did return data on the near-Earth space environment. *Image Credit*: NASA
Pioneer III
Name of Image Pioneer III
Date of Image 1959-01-01
Full Description Assemblies of Pioneer III, lunar and planetary exploration satellite and the payload for AM-11 (Juno II). Pioneer III was launched on December 6, 1959. The mission was unsuccessful.
Launch of Juno …
Name of Image Launch of Juno II/Pioneer IV
Date of Image 1959-03-03
Full Description The launch of Juno II (AM-14), carrying the lunar and planetary exploration satellite in orbit, Pioneer IV, on March 3, 1959. the Pioneer IV probe was the first U.S. satellite to orbit the Sun.
Pioneer IV
Name of Image Pioneer IV
Date of Image 1959-02-16
Full Description Installing Pioneer IV, payload for AM-14 (Juno II) onto the fourth stage on the cluster before a spin test, February 16, 1959. The Pioneer IV, lunar and planetary exploration satellite, was the first U.S. satellite to orbit the Sun.
AC72-2135
PHOTOGRAPHER: N …
2/26/72
Description PHOTOGRAPHER: N/A PIONEER F (PIONEER-10) SPACECRAFT AT CAPE KENNEDY BEING READIED FOR MISSION (SHOWS THE POSITION OF THE PIONEER INTERSTALLER PLAQUE)
Date 2/26/72
Rocket pioneer …
Title Rocket pioneer Robert Goddard: A micro-biography (pt 1/3)
Description Archive footage of Robert Goddard, rocket pioneer of the 1920's and '30's. Ahead of his time, and the first to use liquid propellant. From the 'Moonwalk Series: Episode 1 - "The Day Before"'. A four part documentary series made in the 1970's about the Apollo 11 mission.
Date 11.11.1970
Rocket pioneer …
Title Rocket pioneer Robert Goddard: A micro-biography (pt 2/3)
Description Archive footage of Robert Goddard, rocket pioneer of the 1920's and '30's. Ahead of his time, and the first to use liquid propellant. From the 'Moonwalk Series: Episode 1 - 'The Day Before''. A four part documentary series made in the 1970's about the Apollo 11 mission.
Date 11.11.1970
Tomorrow's pict …
Title Tomorrow's picture: Pioneer 10: The First 6 Billion Miles [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970303.html ]
Dr. von Braun a …
Name of Image Dr. von Braun and Dr. Debus With Pioneer IV Components
Date of Image 1959-03-01
Full Description In this photo, Director of the U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency's (ABMA) Development Operations Division, Dr. Wernher von Braun, and Director of Missile Firing Division, Dr. Kurt Debus, are shown with unidentified individuals, discussing two components that would make up the Pioneer IV Lunar Probe. The mercury batteries (left) were used to power the radio transmitter, cosmic radiation counter and other instruments in Pioneer IV. The conical shroud placed over the instruments of Pioneer IV was plated with gold to improve conductivity. The metal surface also served as the anterna for the probe's instruments signaling back to the Earth receiving stations.
Dr. von Braun D …
Name of Image Dr. von Braun During the Pioneer IV Launch
Date of Image 1959-03-03
Full Description Dr. von Braun at the launch control room during the Pioneer IV launch, March 3, 1959.
Launch of the A …
Name of Image Launch of the Atlas-Centaur, Pioneer G
Date of Image 1973-04-15
Full Description The launch of the Atlas-Centaur carrying the Pioneer G (11) spacecraft on April 5, 1973. The objects of this flight was to explore the planet Jupiter and its environment.
An Atlas Centau …
Title An Atlas Centaur Rocket Launches
Explanation Atlas Centaur [ http://www.lerc.nasa.gov/Other_Groups/PAO/html/atlas2as.htm ] rockets have launched over 75 successful unmanned missions. These missions included the Surveyor [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap951008.html ] series - the first vehicles to make soft landings on the Moon [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950903.html ], Pioneer [ http://pyroeis.arc.nasa.gov/pioneer/PNhome.html ] 10 and 11 - the first missions to fly by Jupiter [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap951206.html ] and Saturn [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950705.html ] and the first man-made objects able to leave our Solar System [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950819.html ], the Viking missions [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950721.html ] which landed on Mars [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950716.html ], several satellites in the High Energy Astrophysics Observatory [ http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ] (HEAO) series, Pioneer Venus [ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/pioneer_venus.html ] which circled and mapped the surface of Venus [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950822.html ], and numerous Intelsat [ http://www.intelsat.int:8080/info/html/is5.html ] satellites. Of recent scientific interest was the Atlas [ http://www.ksc.nasa.gov/elv/ATLAS_CENTAUR/atlcent.htm ] launched SOHO [ http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/index-text.html ] mission which will continually observe the Sun [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950813.html ]. Atlas rockets are manufactured by Lockheed Martin [ http://www.mmc.com/ ] Co.
Pioneer III Pro …
Title Pioneer III Probe
Full Description Looking more like surgeons, these technicians wearing "cleanroom" attire inspect the Pioneer III probe before shipping it to Cape Canaveral, Florida. Pioneer III was launched on December 6, 1958 aboard a Juno II rocket at the Atlantic Missile Range, Cape Canaveral, Florida. The mission objectives were to measure the radiation intensity of the Van Allen radiation belt, test long range communication systems, the launch vehicle and other subsystems. The Juno II failed to reach proper orbital escape velocity. The probe re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on December 7th ending its brief mission.
Date 01/01/1961
NASA Center Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Testing Pioneer …
Title Testing Pioneer F Spacecraft
Full Description Technicians prepare Pioneer F spacecraft for testing in the Space Simulation Chamber at TRW Systems, Redondo Beach, California. The chamber subjects the spacecraft to the heat, cold, vacuum and simulated radiation that it encounters in space. Pioneer F is the first spacecraft designed to travel into the outer solar system and operate effectively there, for possibly as long as seven years and as far from the sun as 1.5 billion miles. Its primary objective will be to take the first close-up look at the planet Jupiter, its moons and environment.
Date 01/25/1972
NASA Center Headquarters
A73-4895
John H. Wolfe, …
9/28/73
Description John H. Wolfe, Pioneer Project Scientist, explains observations made by Pioneer 10 as it traversed the Jovian system
Date 9/28/73
A73-4898
John H. Wolfe, …
9/28/73
Description John H. Wolfe, Pioneer Project Scientist, explains observations made by Pioneer 10 as it traversed the Jovian system
Date 9/28/73
A73-9044-2
Pioneer 10, Mis …
11/21/73
Description Pioneer 10, Mission to Jupiter Project Manager Charlie Hall leads the Pioneer staff through his efficient stand-up meeting (also shown (L-foreground) Skip Nunamaker and (R-foreground) Richard Fimmel
Date 11/21/73
AC72-1338
Photographer: N …
1/31/72
Description Photographer: N/A Pioneer F/G Plaque: Pioneer 10 the first spacecraft to leave our solar system carries a message to other worlds. The plaque was designed by Drs. Carl Sagan and Frank Drake, the artwork was prepared by Linda Salzman Sagan.
Date 1/31/72
AC73-9019
PHOTOGRAPHER: T …
10/19/73
Description PHOTOGRAPHER: TRW PIONEER 10 SPACECRAFT FINAL ASSEMBLY AT TRW (TRW SYSTEMS GROUP, REDONDO BEACH, CALIFORNIA DESIGNED AND FABRICATED THE PIONEER SPACECRAFT)
Date 10/19/73
Global view of …
Title Global view of Venus from Magellan, Pioneer, and Venera data
Description Global view of Venus is created from Magellan, Pioneer, and Venera data. The northern hemisphere of Venus is displayed in this global view of Venus' surface. The north pole is at the center of the image. Zero degrees, 90 degrees, 180 degrees, and 270 degrees east longitude are at the 6, 3, 12, and 9 o'clock positions, respectively, of an imaginary clock face. Magellan synthetic aperture radar mosaics from the first cycle of Magellan mapping are mapped onto a computer-simulated globe to create this image. Data gaps are filled with Pioneer-Venus orbiter data, or a constant mid-range value. Simulated color is used to enhance small-scale structure. The simulated hues are based on color images recorded by the Soviet Venera 13 and 14 spacecraft. The image was produced at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Multimission Image Processing Laboratory and is a single frame from a video released at the JPL news conference, 10-29-91.
Date Taken 1991-11-07
NASA Destinatio …
NASA Destinatio …
6/1/03
Description NASA Destination Tomorrow Segment exploring the predecessor to NASA. The segment explains how NACA played a huge role in the development of aircraft and aeronautical research and development.
Date 6/1/03
Dr. von Braun a …
Name of Image Dr. von Braun at a Parade Celebrating the Launch of the Pioneer IV
Date of Image 1959-03-04
Full Description Dr. Wernher von Braun, Director of the U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency's (ABMA) Development Operations Division, rides with his two daughters, Margrit and Iris, in a parade in downtown Huntsville, Alabama, March 4, 1959. Although the official occasion had been plarned a "Moon Day" weeks before, it was the successful launch of the sun probe Pioneer IV two days previously that increased the celebratory atmosphere.
Juno II
Name of Image Juno II
Date of Image 1959-03-03
Full Description Wernher von Braun and his team were responsible for the Jupiter-C hardware. The family of launch vehicles developed by the team also came to include the Juno II, which was used to launch the Pioneer IV satellite on March 3, 1959. Pioneer IV passed within 37,000 miles of the Moon before going into solar orbit.
Installation of …
Name of Image Installation of Pioneer III
Date of Image 1959-01-01
Full Description In this photograph, the lunar and planetary exploration satellite, Pioneer III, is being prepared for installation to Juno II (AM-11) launch vehicle. AM-11 was launched on December 5, 1959, but the mission was unsuccessful.
Juno II
title Juno II
date 03.03.1959
description Von Braun and his team were responsible for the Jupiter-C hardware. The family of launch vehicles, developed by the team, also came to include the Juno II used to launch the Pioneer IV satellite on March 3, 1959. Pioneer IV passed within 37,000 miles of the moon before going into solar orbit. *Image Credit*: NASA
A-33228
Artist: T Howar …
9/10/64
Description Artist: T Howard Interplanetary Pioneer 6 Spacecraft launched in 1965 to study the sun.
Date 9/10/64
AC73-9279
Photograph by P …
7/1/73
Description Photograph by Pioneer 10 Ganymede as seen by Pioneer 10
Date 7/1/73
AC81-0787
Artist: Paul Hu …
12/8/81
Description Artist: Paul Hudson Pioneer Venus Orbiter expected to orbit the planet from 1978 to 1992 when the spacecraft will enter and be destroyed in Venus' upper atmosphere
Date 12/8/81
A82-0178
Artist: Fornals …
3/11/82
Description Artist: Fornalski Pioneer Spacecraft Composite "The Pioneer Family" Probes 6-9, 10, 11 and Venus Orbiter and Multiprobe or Bus (12-13)
Date 3/11/82
AC-40049
Artwork Pioneer …
12/4/67
Description Artwork Pioneer C launch data: positions of Pioneer C, 6 & 7
Date 12/4/67
AC72-2134
Photographer: N …
2/26/72
Description Photographer: N/A Pioneer F (Pioneer-10) spacecraft delivered to NASA at Cape Kennedy from TRW
Date 2/26/72
AC72-2136
Photographer: N …
2/26/72
Description Photographer: N/A Pioneer f (Pioneer-10) being readied for shipment to KSC
Date 2/26/72
AC73-5070-11
Charles Hall, P …
10/26/73
Description Charles Hall, Pioneer Project Manager in Pioneer Mission Control Center (PMOC) with Mr. Parker (?)
Date 10/26/73
AC73-5070-8
Charles Hall, P …
10/26/73
Description Charles Hall, Pioneer Project Manager in Pioneer Mission Control Center (PMOC) with Mr. Parker (?)
Date 10/26/73
AC82-0178
Artist: Fornals …
3/11/82
Description Artist: Fornalski Pioneer Spacecraft Composite "The Pioneer Family" Probes 6-9, 10, 11 and Venus Orbiter and Multiprobe or Bus (12-13)
Date 3/11/82
Perspective Vie …
PIA00093
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Radar
Title Perspective View of Ishtar Terra
Original Caption Released with Image This perspective view of Ishtar Terra was derived from data obtained by the Pioneer Venus spacecraft's altimetry radar instrument. Ishtar viewed from the west (bottom of image) is centered at about 65 degrees north latitude and 0 degrees longitude. Ishtar (approximately equal in size to Australia) is a large plateau standing 3.3 km above the surrounding lowlands, bounded by relatively steep slopes. Rising above this plateau are three massifs: Akna Montes and Freyja Montes along the western and northwestern edge of Lakshmi Planum, and Maxwell Montes along its eastern edge. The eastern part of Ishtar, east of Maxwell, is a complex hilly terrain ~1 km lower than Lakshmi Planum that lacks the steep well-defined boundary slopes that characterize the plateau. Maxwell Montes, highest point on the planet is elevated more than 10 km (32,000 ft) above the surrounding lowlands. Color-coded altimetry shows elevations in .5 and 1 km intervals. Cool colors mark low elevations and warm colors mark high elevations
Venus - Magella …
PIA00464
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Radar
Title Venus - Magellan Data Superimposed on Pioneer Venus Data - Devana Chasma and Phoebe Regio
Original Caption Released with Image This image covers part of the 150 kilometer (90 mile) wide, 1 to 1.5 kilometer (0.6 to 0.9 mile) deep valley, Devana Chasma. The image is a composite of the first two orbits recorded by the Magellan spacecraft in August 1990 superimposed on Pioneer Venus topography. This image is located at the intersection of Devana Chasma and the Phoebe Regio upland. It covers a region approximately 525 by 525 kilometers (315 by 315 miles), centered 288 degrees east longitude on the equator. Devana Chasma consists of radar bright lineaments, interpreted to be fault scarps, oriented in a north-northeast direction. This part of the planet is thought to be an area where the crust is being stretched and pulled apart producing a rift valley, similar to the East African rift.
Dr. von Braun o …
Name of Image Dr. von Braun on the Telephone
Date of Image 1959-03-01
Full Description Dr. von Braun on the telephone prior to the launch of the Pioneer IV, March 1, 1959.
Juno II (AM-14)
Name of Image Juno II (AM-14)
Date of Image 1959-03-03
Full Description Juno II (AM-14) on the launch pad just prior to launch, March 3, 1959. The payload of AM-14 was Pioneer IV, America's first successful lunar mission. The Juno II was a modification of Jupiter ballistic missile
Dr. von Braun a …
Name of Image Dr. von Braun and Dr. Debus
Date of Image 1959-03-03
Full Description Dr. von Braun, Director of the Development Operations Divisons, and Dr. Debus, Director of the Missile Firing Laboratory, Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), in the blockhouse during the launch of the Pioneer IV, March 3, 1959.
Global view of …
Title Global view of Venus from Magellan, Pioneer, and Venera data
Description This global view of Venus, centered at 270 degrees east longitude, is a compilation of data from several sources. Magellan synthetic aperature radar mosaics from the first cycle of Magellan mapping are mapped onto a computer-simulated globe to create the image. Data gaps are filled with Pioneer-Venus orbiter data, or a constant mid-range value. Simulated color is used to enhance small-scale structure. The simulated hues are based on color images recorded by the Soviet Venera 13 and 14 spacecraft. The image was produced at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Multimission Image Processing Laboratory and is a single frame from a video released at the JPL news conference, 10-29-91. View provided by JPL with alternate number P-39225 MGN81.
Date Taken 1991-11-07
Magellan
This hemispheri …
3/16/95
Date 3/16/95
Description This hemispheric view of Venus, as revealed by more than a decade of radar investigations culminating in the 1990-1994 Magellan mission, is centered at 270 degrees east longitude. The Magellan spacecraft imaged more than 98 percent of Venus at a resolution of about 100 meters, the effective resolution of this image is about 3 kilometers. A mosaic of the Magellan images (most with illumination from the west) forms the image base. Gaps in the Magellan coverage were filled with images from the Earth- based Arecibo radar in a region centered roughly on 0 degrees latitude and longitude, and with a neutral tone elsewhere (primarily near the south pole). The composite image was processed to improve contrast and to emphasize small features, and was color-coded to represent elevation. Gaps in the elevation data from the Magellan radar altimeter were filled with altimetry from the Venera spacecraft and the U.S. Pioneer Venus missions. An Orthographic projection was used, simulating a distant view of one hemisphere of the planet. The Magellan mission was managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA. Data processed by JPL, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ. #####
Magellan
This hemispheri …
3/16/95
Date 3/16/95
Description This hemispheric view of Venus, as revealed by more than a decade of radar investigations culminating in the 1990-1994 Magellan mission, is centered at 0 degrees east longitude. The Magellan spacecraft imaged more than 98 percent of Venus at a resolution of about 100 meters, the effective resolution of this image is about 3 kilometers. A mosaic of the Magellan images (most with illumination from the west) forms the image base. Gaps in the Magellan coverage were filled with images from the Earth-based Arecibo radar in a region centered roughly on 0 degrees latitude and longitude, and with a neutral tone elsewhere (primarily near the south pole). The composite image was processed to improve contrast and to emphasize small features, and was color-coded to represent elevation. Gaps in the elevation data from the Magellan radar altimeter were filled with altimetry from the Venera spacecraft and the U.S. Pioneer Venus missions. An Orthographic projection was used, simulating a distant view of one hemisphere of the planet. The Magellan mission was managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA. Data processed by JPL, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ.
Magellan
This hemispheri …
3/16/95
Date 3/16/95
Description This hemispheric view of Venus, as revealed by more than a decade of radar investigations culminating in the 1990-1994 Magellan mission, is centered at 90 degrees east longitude. The Magellan spacecraft imaged more than 98 percent of Venus at a resolution of about 100 meters, the effective resolution of this image is about 3 kilometers. A mosaic of the Magellan images (most with illumination from the west) forms the image base. Gaps in the Magellan coverage were filled with images from the Earth- based Arecibo radar in a region centered roughly on 0 degrees latitude and longitude, and with a neutral tone elsewhere (primarily near the south pole). The composite image was processed to improve contrast and to emphasize small features, and was color-coded to represent elevation. Gaps in the elevation data from the Magellan radar altimeter were filled with altimetry from the Venera spacecraft and the U.S. Pioneer Venus missions. An Orthographic projection was used, simulating a distant view of one hemisphere of the planet. The Magellan mission was managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA. Data processed by JPL, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ.
Magellan
This hemispheri …
3/16/95
Date 3/16/95
Description This hemispheric view of Venus, as revealed by more than a decade of radar investigations culminating in the 1990-1994 Magellan mission, is centered at the North Pole. The Magellan spacecraft imaged more than 98 percent of Venus at a resolution of about 100 meters, the effective resolution of this image is about 3 kilometers. A mosaic of the Magellan images (most with illumination from the west) forms the image base. Gaps in the Magellan coverage were filled with images from the Earth-based Arecibo radar in a region centered roughly on 0 degrees latitude and longitude, and with a neutral tone elsewhere (primarily near the south pole). The composite image was processed to improve contrast and to emphasize small features, and was color-coded to represent elevation. Gaps in the elevation data from the Magellan radar altimeter were filled with altimetry from the Venera spacecraft and the U.S. Pioneer Venus missions. An Orthographic projection was used, simulating a distant view of one hemisphere of the planet. The Magellan mission was managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA. Data processed by JPL, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ. #####
Venera 15
title Venera 15
date 06.02.1983
description Venera 15 and Venera 16 were a pair of dedicated radar mappers designed to extend the studies begun by the American Pioneer Venus Orbiter in constructing a detailed map of the surface down to a resolution of about 1 to 2 kilometers. For these missions, Soviet engineers lengthened the central bus of the earlier Veneras (by 1 meter), installed much larger solar batteries, and attached a large side-looking radar antenna in place of the descent lander module on the earlier spacecraft. Venera 15 carried out two midcourse corrections (on 10 June 1983 and 1 October 1983) before successfully entering orbit around Venus at 03:05 UT on 10 October. Initial orbital parameters were 1,000 x 65,000 kilometers at 87° inclination -- that is, a near-polar orbit. The spacecraft's mapping operations began six days after entering orbit over the north pole. Because of the nature of the spacecraft's orbit, the two orbiters mapped only the area from 30° north latitude to the pole -- about 115 million square kilometers -- before the mission was completed on 10 July 1984.
Dr. von Braun D …
Name of Image Dr. von Braun During Pioneer IV Launch
Date of Image 1959-03-03
Full Description This photograph shows Dr. von Braun, second from the left, in the blockhouse at the Florida launch facilities on March 3, 1959. He and others gathered for the launch of the Pioneer IV satellite. On the left of Dr. von Braun is Kurt Debus, who managed the Florida launch facilities. To the right of Dr. von Braun is Army General John B. Medaris. Next to him is General John Barclay. At this time, Dr. von Braun and his associates were members of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency in Huntsville, Alabama.
Space Interfero …
Description Space Interferometry Mission The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM), scheduled for launch in 2006, will determine the positions and distances of stars several hundred times more accurately than any previous program. This accuracy will allow SIM to determine the distances to stars throughout the Galaxy and to probe nearby stars for Earth-sized planets. SIM will also pioneer a technique to block out (null) the light of bright stars to take images of the interesting areas close to the star. SIM will open a window to a new world of discoveries.
Pioneer 6
title Pioneer 6
date 12.16.1965
description Pioneer 6 was the first in a series of solar-orbiting, spin-stabilized, solar-cell and battery-powered satellites designed to obtain measurements on a continuing basis of interplanetary phenomena from widely separated points in space. Its experiments studied the positive ions and electrons in the solar wind, the interplanetary electron density (radio propagation experiment), solar and galactic cosmic rays, and the interplanetary magnetic field. Its main antenna was a high-gain directional antenna. The spacecraft was spin-stabilized at about 60 rpm, and the spin axis was perpendicular to the ecliptic plane and pointed toward the south ecliptic pole. By ground command, one of five bit rates, one of four data formats, and one of four operating modes could be selected. The five bit rates were 512, 256, 64, 16, and 8 bps. Three of the four data formats contained primarily scientific data and consisted of 32 seven-bit words per frame. One scientific data format was for use at the two highest bit rates. Another was for use at the three lowest bit rates. The third contained data from only the radio propagation experiment. The fourth data format contained mainly engineering data. The four operating modes were real time, telemetry store, duty cycle store, and memory readout. In the real-time mode, data were sampled and transmitted directly (without storage) as specified by the data format and bit rate selected. In the telemetry store mode, data were stored and transmitted simultaneously in the format and at the bit rate selected. In the duty-cycle store mode, a single frame of scientific data was collected and stored at a rate of 512 bps. The time interval between the collection and storage of successive frames could be varied by ground command between 2 and 17 min to provide partial data coverage for periods up to 19 h, as limited by the bit storage capacity. In the memory readout mode, data were read out at whatever bit rate was appropriate to the satellite distance from the earth. Although the spacecraft has not been regularly tracked for science data return in recent years, a successful telemetry contact was made on 8 Dec. 2000 to celebrate 35 years of continuous operation since launch. *Image Credit*: NASA
John Robinson P …
Title John Robinson Pierce, Communication Satellite Pioneer
Full Description John Robinson Pierce, the former director of research at AT&T Bell Telephone Laboratories. Born in Des Moines, Iowa in 1910, Pierce was the first to evaluate the various technical options in satellite communications and assess the financial prospects. In 1952, he published an article in Astounding Science Fiction in which he discussed the potential benefits of satellite communications. A few years later, Pierce greatly assisted in the creation of the first artificial communication satellite, ECHO. Pierce died from pneumonia complications on April 2, 2002 at the age of 92.
NASA Center Headquarters
80-HC-251
Pioneer 11 pre- …
4/26/00
Description Pioneer 11 pre-encounter with Saturn as painted by Wilson Hurley
Date 4/26/00
AC97-0177-1
Make a wish fou …
6/4/97
Description Make a wish foundation VMS ride for Tom Evans. Tom receives a Pioneer 10 Plaque from Dr McDonald at a meeting attended by Shelia Johnson, organizer of the wish.
Date 6/4/97
A72-5621
Charles "Charli …
9/21/72
Description Charles "Charlile" Hall, Hans Mark and Cy Syvertson holding Pioneer 10 Plaque
Date 9/21/72
A73-9045-2
Date: Nov 21, 1 …
11/21/73
Description Date: Nov 21, 1973 Photographer: Lee Jones Dr G Munch and Dr D.l. Judge sit on Press Panel during the Pioneer 10 Mission to Jupiter live from Ames Research Center
Date 11/21/73
A78-0238
Artist: Rick Gu …
3/20/78
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer Venus Mission Artwork: An artist concept of the orbiter and multiprobe approaching Venus are shown here shortly after probes release - Top to bottom - night probe, day probe sounder probe, North probe, followed by the bus (Note: this original painting's orientation is upside- down)
Date 3/20/78
A78-9052
Photographer: P …
12/13/78
Description Photographer: Pioneer-Venus Image (Crescent)
Date 12/13/78
A78-9065
Photograph: Pio …
12/20/78
Description Photograph: Pioneer-Venus Replica of Venus de Milo
Date 12/20/78
A78-9066
Photographer: P …
1/23/78
Description Photographer: Pioneer-Venus Zerox Image (Greenhouse Effect)
Date 1/23/78
A78-9070
Photographer: P …
2/1/78
Description Photographer: Pioneer-Venus Image 00078
Date 2/1/78
A78-9072
Photographer: P …
2/5/78
Description Photographer: Pioneer-Venus Image Enhanced Ocpp. 00094
Date 2/5/78
A78-9089
Photographer: P …
1/15/78
Description Photographer: Pioneer-Venus Ocpp. Image 00190 Venus
Date 1/15/78
A78-9090
Photographer: P …
1/15/80
Description Photographer: Pioneer-Venus Ocpp. Image 00194 Venus
Date 1/15/80
A78-9091
(Oct. 8, 1981 P …
1/15/80
Description (Oct. 8, 1981 Photographer: Pioneer-Venus Ocpp. Image 00204 Venus
Date 1/15/80
A78-9092
(added Oct. 8, …
1/15/80
Description (added Oct. 8, 1981) Photographer: Pioneer Venus Occp. Image 00204 Venus
Date 1/15/80
A78-9093
(added Oct. 8, …
5/5/80
Description (added Oct. 8, 1981) Photographer: Pioneer Venus Occp. Image 00102 Venus
Date 5/5/80
A78-9094
(added Oct. 8, …
5/20/80
Description (added Oct. 8, 1981) Photographer: Pioneer Venus Occp. Image 00117 Venus
Date 5/20/80
A78-9095
(added Oct. 8, …
5/20/80
Description (added Oct. 8, 1981) Photographer: Pioneer Venus Occp. Image 00118 Venus
Date 5/20/80
A78-9096
(added Oct. 8, …
5/20/80
Description (added Oct. 8, 1981) Photographer: Pioneer Venus Occp. Image 00133 Venus
Date 5/20/80
A78-9116
(added Oct. 8, …
1/14/80
Description (added Oct. 8, 1981) Photographer: Pioneer Venus Occp. Image 00156
Date 1/14/80
A78-9169
Date: Sep. 29, …
9/29/81
Description Date: Sep. 29, 1981 Photograph by Pioneer Venus Venus image 0694
Date 9/29/81
AC72-1350
Artwork Pioneer …
2/1/72
Description Artwork Pioneer 10 mission artwork depicts Jupiter and it's moons (Used in NASA SP-349)
Date 2/1/72
AC72-1351
Date: Dec. 1972 …
12/1/72
Description Date: Dec. 1972 Pioneer 10 Artwork Spacecraft shown above Jupiter's surface (used in NASA SP-349)
Date 12/1/72
AC72-1352
Date: Dec. 1972 …
12/1/72
Description Date: Dec. 1972 Pioneer 10 Artwork Spacecraft shown during encounter above Jupiter's surface (used in NASA SP-349)
Date 12/1/72
AC72-1353
Date: Dec. 1972 …
12/2/72
Description Date: Dec. 1972 Pioneer 10 Artwork Spacecraft shown only 11 hours after launch passing the orbit of the Moon in this artist concept on it's way to orbit above Jupiter's surface (used in NASA SP-349)
Date 12/2/72
AC72-1354
Pioneer 10 Artw …
12/1/72
Description Pioneer 10 Artwork Spacecraft shown during encounter above Jupiter's surface (used in NASA SP-349)
Date 12/1/72
AC72-2142
Photographer: K …
3/2/72
Description Photographer: KSC Launch of Pioneer 10 to Jupiter occured at 8:49 p.m. EST March 2, 1972
Date 3/2/72
AC73-9253
Photograph by P …
12/2/73
Description Photograph by Pioneer 10 Jupiter at a range of 2584000km (ref: image number sequence A-51 (before) during the 4 days on either side of closest approach)
Date 12/2/73
AC74-9009
Artwork for the …
1/16/74
Description Artwork for the U. S. Postage Stamp released in commemoration of the Pioneer 10 to Jupiter Mission released February 28, 1975 in a ceremony at Ames Research Center
Date 1/16/74
AC74-9032-234
Pioneer 11 Miss …
12/2/74
Description Pioneer 11 Mission to Jupiter: encounter briefing with (L-R) Dr. E. J. Smith, Dr J. A. Van Allen, and Dr D. L. Judge
Date 12/2/74
AC74-9036-236
Dr. E. J. Smith …
12/1/74
Description Dr. E. J. Smith (L) Dr. James Van Allen (R) during press conference for Pioneer 11 Jupiter encounter
Date 12/1/74
AC74-9036-28
Dr. James Polla …
12/1/74
Description Dr. James Pollack (Ames) and Dr Tom Gehrels during press conference for Pioneer 11 Jupiter encounter
Date 12/1/74
AC74-9036-60
Dr James Van Al …
12/1/74
Description Dr James Van Allen (L) and Dr E. J. Smith (R) during press conference for Pioneer 11 Jupiter encounter
Date 12/1/74
AC74-9036-61
Dr E. J.Smith, …
12/1/74
Description Dr E. J.Smith, John Wolf (Ames) and Charles Hall (Ames) confer during press conference for Pioneer 11 Jupiter encounter
Date 12/1/74
AC74-9036-62
Dr E. J.Smith, …
12/1/74
Description Dr E. J.Smith, John Wolf (Ames) and Charles Hall (Ames) confer during press conference for Pioneer 11 Jupiter encounter
Date 12/1/74
AC77-0376-8
Photograph by T …
4/1/77
Description Photograph by TRW Charlie Hall inspects the Pioneer Venus multiprobe at Hughes Aircraft Co. in Dec. 1976
Date 4/1/77
AC78-0238
Artist: Rick Gu …
3/20/78
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer Venus Mission Artwork: An artist concept of the orbiter and multiprobe approaching Venus are shown here shortly after probes release - Top to bottom - night probe, day probe sounder probe, North probe, followed by the bus (Note: this original painting's orientation is upside- down)
Date 3/20/78
AC78-9037
Photographer: P …
12/9/78
Description Photographer: Pioneer-Venus Press Release (Ocpp. Image #2)
Date 12/9/78
AC78-9052
Photographer: P …
12/13/78
Description Photographer: Pioneer-Venus Image (Crescent)
Date 12/13/78
AC78-9070
Photographer: P …
2/1/78
Description Photographer: Pioneer-Venus Image 00078
Date 2/1/78
AC78-9245
Art by Paul Hud …
3/21/78
Description Art by Paul Hudson Pioneer Venus: Multiprobe Artwork
Date 3/21/78
AC78-9256
Photograph by P …
12/12/83
Description Photograph by Pioneer Venus Recent computer enchanced surface relief images of Venus.
Date 12/12/83
AC78-9257
Photograph by P …
12/12/83
Description Photograph by Pioneer Venus Recent computer enchanced surface relief images of Venus.
Date 12/12/83
AC78-9461
Photograph by P …
11/11/88
Description Photograph by Pioneer Venus OCPP imagery 0900 collected 5-14-88 10th anniversary release Venus image 7540
Date 11/11/88
AC78-9462
Photograph by P …
9/15/92
Description Photograph by Pioneer Venus Orbitor-Aurora and Airglow
Date 9/15/92
AC78-9463
Photographer: P …
6/29/92
Description Photographer: Pioneer Venus Art: Atmosphere Flow Day/Night Homopause, Ionosphere, Thermosphere, and Cryosphere
Date 6/29/92
AC78-9464
Graphic Art Ven …
1978
Description Graphic Art Venus - Day - Night drawing showing solar wind, bow shock, magnetosheath, clouds and streamers Pioneer Venus SP-461 fig 6-28 Interaction of the solar wind with the atmosphere of Venus as termined from Pioner Venus experiments and observations
Date 1978
AC91-3008
Photographer : …
10/29/91
Description Photographer : JPL This global view of the surface of Venus is centered at 270 degrees east longitude. Magellan synthetic aperture radar mosaics from the first cycle of Magellan mapping are mapped onto a computer-simulated globe to create this image. Data gaps are filled with Pioneer-Venus orbiter data, or a constant mid-range value. Simulated color is used to inhance small-scale structure. The simulated hues are based on color images recorded by the Soviet Venera 13 and 14 spacecraft.
Date 10/29/91
High Above
On March 7, 194 …
3/6/09
Description On March 7, 1947, not long after the end of World War II and years before Sputnik ushered in the space age, a group of soldiers and scientists in the New Mexico desert saw something new and wonderful in these grainy black-and-white-photos -- the first pictures of Earth as seen from altitude greater than 100 miles in space. Just the year before in 1946, scientists like John T. Mengel, a NASA pioneer who later oversaw the Vanguard Program, began experimenting with captured German V-2 rockets. Mengel conducted upper atmosphere experiments by launching the rockets into near-earth orbit. He designed and fabricated the first research nose shell to replace of the V-2 warhead and began placing cameras in the nose shell. Before the Small Steps Program began in 1946 using V-2 rockets to take images from space, the highest pictures ever taken of the Earth's surface were from the Explorer II balloon, which ascended 13.7 miles in 1935, high enough to discern the curvature of the Earth. The V-2 cameras reached more than five times that altitude and clearly showed the planet set against the blackness of space. When the movie frames were stitched together, the panoramas taken in the late 1940s covered a million square miles or more at a single glance. Image Credit: Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory
Date 3/6/09
Mars Science La …
The parachute f …
4/15/09
Description The parachute for NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) passed flight-qualification after testing in March and April 2009 inside the world's largest wind tunnel at NASA's Ames Research Center. In this image, an engineer is dwarfed by the parachute, the largest ever built to fly on an extraterrestrial flight. It is designed to survive deployment at Mach 2.2 in the Martian atmosphere, where it will generate up to 65,000 lb of drag force. The parachute, built by Pioneer Aerospace, has 80 suspension lines, measures more than 165 feet in length, and opens to a diameter of nearly 51 feet. The wind tunnel itself is 80 feet tall and 120 feet wide -- large enough to house a Boeing 737. JPL is building and testing the MSL spacecraft, which is slated to launch in 2011. The mission will land a roving analytical laboratory on the surface of Mars in 2012. Image Credit: NASA/Ames Research Center/JPL
Date 4/15/09
A78-9138
Photograph by P …
11/19/78
Description Photograph by Pioneer Venus Venus image 589
Date 11/19/78
A78-9167
Photograph by P …
9/29/81
Description Photograph by Pioneer Venus Venus image 0664
Date 9/29/81
A78-9168
Photograph by P …
9/29/81
Description Photograph by Pioneer Venus Venus image 0693
Date 9/29/81
A78-9176
Photograph by P …
9/29/81
Description Photograph by Pioneer Venus Venus image 0001
Date 9/29/81
A78-9177
Photograph by P …
9/29/81
Description Photograph by Pioneer Venus Venus image 0006
Date 9/29/81
A78-9178
Photograph by P …
9/29/81
Description Photograph by Pioneer Venus Venus image 0007
Date 9/29/81
A78-9179
Photograph by P …
9/29/81
Description Photograph by Pioneer Venus Venus image 0010
Date 9/29/81
A78-9461
Photograph by P …
11/29/88
Description Photograph by Pioneer Venus Venus image 7540
Date 11/29/88
AC83-0351
Art by Don Davi …
5/17/83
Description Art by Don Davis Pioneer 10 looking back at the Sun from Neptune's orbit as it becomes the first spacecraft to leave the Solar system
Date 5/17/83
AC86-0038-1
Photographer: N …
1/17/86
Description Photographer: N/A Pioneer Galileo mission trajectory artwork depicting radio signal from Earth to spacecraft to planet and comet crossing spacecrafts' orbit
Date 1/17/86
Project Red Soc …
title Project Red Socks
date 10.01.1957
description Project RED SOCKS was to be "the world's first useful moon rocket," proposed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology in October 1957. These artist's renditions show the configuration of motors and a diagram of the moon orbit. RED SOCKS was to respond to the Sputnik launch challenge with a significant technological advance over the Soviet Union instead of merely matching them with another earth-orbiting satellite. The objectives of the project were to "1) get photos, 2) refine space guidance techniques, and 3) impress the world" with a series of nine rocket flights to the moon. The second of the nine flights was to take pictures of the back of the moon. The necessary technology had already been developed for earlier projects, such as the Re-entry Test Vehicle and the Microlock radio ground tracking system. Project RED SOCKS received no support in Washington. In December 1957, JPL and the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) were instead asked to orbit an Earth satellite. Explorer 1 was launched 81 days later, on January 29, 1958. A modified RED SOCKS plan was carried out in the Pioneer 4 project in March 1959. *Image Credit*: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Space Pioneer N …
title Space Pioneer Nancy Roman
date 01.01.1962
description Dr. Nancy Roman, one of the nations top scientists in the space program, is shown with a model of the Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO). Roman received her PhD in astronomy from the University of Chicago in 1949. In 1959, Dr. Roman joined NASA and in 1960 served as Chief of the Astronomy and Relativity Programs in the Office of Space Science. She was very influential in creating satellites such as the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). She retired from NASA in 1979, but continued working as a contractor at the Goddard Space Flight Center. Throughout her career, Dr. Roman was a spokesperson and advocate of women in the sciences. *Image Credit*: NASA
Alfred J. Egger …
Title Alfred J. Eggers
Full Description Alfred J. Eggers served as NASA's Assistant Administrator for Policy from January 1968 through March 1971. After that he accepted a position as Assistant Director for Research Applications at the National Science Foundation. Dr. Eggers came to the NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) Ames Aeronautical Laboratory in 1944 from the Navy's V- 12 college program. In 1954 he was made Division Chief of the Vehicle Environment Division. This Division was comprised of a physics branch, an entry simulation branch, a structural dynamics branch, the 3.5 foot hypersonic wind tunnel branch and the hypervelocity ballistic range branch. In 1958 Dr. Eggers headed up the Manned Satellite Team which was to consider design problems and propose a practical system for a satellite while recommending a suitable research program. This ultimately lead to Ames developing and managing the highly successful Pioneer program. Dr. Eggers specialized in hypersonic and spaceflight research including the development of new wind tunnel and ballistic range facilities. In May of 1964 Dr. Eggers was appointed Deputy Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology.
Date 01/01/1956
NASA Center Ames Research Center
Early Voyager 1 …
PIA00454
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science …
Title Early Voyager 1 Images of Jupiter
Original Caption Released with Image These Jupiter photographs are part of a set taken by Voyager 1 on December 10 and 11, 1978 from a distance of 83 million km (52 million miles) or more than half the distance from the Earth to the sun. At this range, Voyager 1 is able to record more detail on the giant planet than the very best ground-based telescopes. The highest resolution ever obtained on the Jovian disk was recorded by Pioneer 11 four years ago. Voyager, however, has longer focal-length optics than Pioneer, and while nearly three months from encounter (~ March 1979) was able to achieve higher resolution than that obtained by Pioneer only 24 hours from its encounter on 3 December 1974. Jupiter's colorful and turbulent atmosphere is evident in these photographs. The entire visible surface of the planet is made up of multiple layers of clouds, composed primarily of ammonia ice crystals colored by small amounts of materials of unknown composition. The Great Red Spot, seen to the lower left of 2 and lower right of 3, is now recovering from a period of relative inconspicuousness. An atmospheric system larger than the Earth and more than 100 years old, the Great Red Spot remains a mystery and a challenge to Voyager instruments. A bright convective cloud (center of and right of center in 4) displays a plume which has been swept westward (to the left) by local currents in the planet's equatorial wind system. Below and to the left and right of the Great Red Spot are a pair of white oval clouds, a third can be seen in 1. All three were formed almost 40 years ago and are the second oldest class of discrete features identified in the Jovian atmosphere. Each of the pictures was produced from blue, green, and orange originals in JPL's Image Processing Laboratory.
Parafoil in 80 …
Title Parafoil in 80 x 120 Foot Wind Tunnel
Full Description The Pioneer Aerospace Parafoil (Advanced Recovery System II), undergoes testing in the world's largest wind tunnel, the 80 x 120 Foot Tunnel at NASA's Ames Research Center, Mountain View California.
Date 04/10/1990
NASA Center Ames Research Center
A Solar System …
Title A Solar System Portrait
Explanation As the Voyager 1 spacecraft [ http://vraptor.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/vgrfaqs.html ] headed out of our Solar System [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap980517.html ], it looked back and took a parting family portrait [ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-solarsystem.html ] of the Sun [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/sol.html ] and planets. From beyond Pluto [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap990213.html ], our Solar System looks like a bright star surrounded by faint dots. In the above picture [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/PIAGenCatalogPage.pl?PIA00451 ], the Sun is so bright it is blocked out for contrast. The innermost dots visible, labeled E and V for Earth [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap990131.html ] and Venus [ http://www.nasm.edu/ceps/RPIF/VENUS/rpifvenus.html ], are particularly hard to discern. Gas giants Jupiter [ http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/Jovian.html ] (J) and Saturn [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/saturn.html ] (S) are much more noticeable. The outermost planets visible are Uranus [ http://www.hawastsoc.org/solar/eng/uranus.htm ] (U) and Neptune [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap980221.html ] (N). Each planet is shown labeled and digitally enhanced in an inset image. Voyager 1 is only one of four human-made objects to leave our Solar System, the other three being Voyager 2, and Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11.
NASA Announces …
Title NASA Announces Contract for Next-Generation Space Telescope Named After Space Pioneer
NASA Destinatio …
NASA Destinatio …
6/1/03
Description NASA Destination Tomorrow Video containing four segments as described below. NASA Destination Tomorrow Segment exploring the transition of aircraft design through the years. The segment describes what aircraft may look like in the future. NASA Destination Tomorrow Segment explaining how the Wright Brothers successfully achieved controlled flight. NASA Destination Tomorrow Segment exploring the background of the first attempted flights. The segment also looks back on the pioneers who built the first flying machine. NASA Destination Tomorrow Segment exploring the predecessor to NASA. The segment explains how NACA played a huge role in the development of aircraft and aeronautical research and development.
Date 6/1/03
Topological Fea …
Title Topological Features of a Compressible Plasma Vortex Sheet: 6 Cases
Abstract The Voyager and Pioneer Spacecraft have detected large-scale quasi-periodic plasma fluctuations in the outer heliosphere beyond 20 AU. A plasma vortex sheet model can explain these fluctuations and the observed correlations between various physical variables. The large scale outer heliosphere is modeled by solving the 3-D compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations involving three interacting shear layers. Computations were done on a Cray computer at the NASA Center for Computational Sciences. Six cases are animated: Weak magnetic field and strong magnetic field, each at three values of tau, the vortex street characteristic time. Contours of density are shown as dark transparent 'tubes'. Critical points of the velocity field are represented by 'Glyphs'. Vortex cores are shown in orange and blue.
Completed 1993-12-17
Topological Fea …
Title Topological Features of a Compressible Plasma Vortex Sheet: 6 Cases
Abstract The Voyager and Pioneer Spacecraft have detected large-scale quasi-periodic plasma fluctuations in the outer heliosphere beyond 20 AU. A plasma vortex sheet model can explain these fluctuations and the observed correlations between various physical variables. The large scale outer heliosphere is modeled by solving the 3-D compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations involving three interacting shear layers. Computations were done on a Cray computer at the NASA Center for Computational Sciences. Six cases are animated: Weak magnetic field and strong magnetic field, each at three values of tau, the vortex street characteristic time. Contours of density are shown as dark transparent 'tubes'. Critical points of the velocity field are represented by 'Glyphs'. Vortex cores are shown in orange and blue.
Completed 1993-12-17
Topological Fea …
Title Topological Features of a Compressible Plasma Vortex Sheet: 6 Cases
Abstract The Voyager and Pioneer Spacecraft have detected large-scale quasi-periodic plasma fluctuations in the outer heliosphere beyond 20 AU. A plasma vortex sheet model can explain these fluctuations and the observed correlations between various physical variables. The large scale outer heliosphere is modeled by solving the 3-D compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations involving three interacting shear layers. Computations were done on a Cray computer at the NASA Center for Computational Sciences. Six cases are animated: Weak magnetic field and strong magnetic field, each at three values of tau, the vortex street characteristic time. Contours of density are shown as dark transparent 'tubes'. Critical points of the velocity field are represented by 'Glyphs'. Vortex cores are shown in orange and blue.
Completed 1993-12-17
Topological Fea …
Title Topological Features of a Compressible Plasma Vortex Sheet: 6 Cases
Abstract The Voyager and Pioneer Spacecraft have detected large-scale quasi-periodic plasma fluctuations in the outer heliosphere beyond 20 AU. A plasma vortex sheet model can explain these fluctuations and the observed correlations between various physical variables. The large scale outer heliosphere is modeled by solving the 3-D compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations involving three interacting shear layers. Computations were done on a Cray computer at the NASA Center for Computational Sciences. Six cases are animated: Weak magnetic field and strong magnetic field, each at three values of tau, the vortex street characteristic time. Contours of density are shown as dark transparent 'tubes'. Critical points of the velocity field are represented by 'Glyphs'. Vortex cores are shown in orange and blue.
Completed 1993-12-17
Topological Fea …
Title Topological Features of a Compressible Plasma Vortex Sheet: 6 Cases
Abstract The Voyager and Pioneer Spacecraft have detected large-scale quasi-periodic plasma fluctuations in the outer heliosphere beyond 20 AU. A plasma vortex sheet model can explain these fluctuations and the observed correlations between various physical variables. The large scale outer heliosphere is modeled by solving the 3-D compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations involving three interacting shear layers. Computations were done on a Cray computer at the NASA Center for Computational Sciences. Six cases are animated: Weak magnetic field and strong magnetic field, each at three values of tau, the vortex street characteristic time. Contours of density are shown as dark transparent 'tubes'. Critical points of the velocity field are represented by 'Glyphs'. Vortex cores are shown in orange and blue.
Completed 1993-12-17
Topological Fea …
Title Topological Features of a Compressible Plasma Vortex Sheet: 6 Cases
Abstract The Voyager and Pioneer Spacecraft have detected large-scale quasi-periodic plasma fluctuations in the outer heliosphere beyond 20 AU. A plasma vortex sheet model can explain these fluctuations and the observed correlations between various physical variables. The large scale outer heliosphere is modeled by solving the 3-D compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations involving three interacting shear layers. Computations were done on a Cray computer at the NASA Center for Computational Sciences. Six cases are animated: Weak magnetic field and strong magnetic field, each at three values of tau, the vortex street characteristic time. Contours of density are shown as dark transparent 'tubes'. Critical points of the velocity field are represented by 'Glyphs'. Vortex cores are shown in orange and blue.
Completed 1993-12-17
AC97-0036-1
Pioneer 10 artw …
1997
Description Pioneer 10 artwork
Date 1997
AC97-0036-3
Pioneer 10 artw …
1997
Description Pioneer 10 artwork
Date 1997
A-34975-1
Charles F. Hall …
7/12/65
Description Charles F. Hall, Pioneer Project Manager in his office
Date 7/12/65
A72-1280
Photographer: J …
1/26/72
Description Photographer: JPL 210' Dish Antenna at Goldstone Ca - used in tracking Pioneer spacecraft
Date 1/26/72
A72-2137
Photographer: T …
2/26/72
Description Photographer: TRW Pioneer-10 interstellar plaque positioned on spacecraft
Date 2/26/72
A72-2141
Photographer: N …
2/26/72
Description Photographer: N/A Pre Launch View of Pioneer F
Date 2/26/72
AC70-1033
Artwork Pioneer …
1/11/70
Description Artwork Pioneer F/G spacecraft artwork, Jupiter probe
Date 1/11/70
AC71-2696
Photographer: T …
2/3/71
Description Photographer: TRW Pioneer F/G spacecraft thermal model
Date 2/3/71
AC71-2697
Photographer: T …
2/3/71
Description Photographer: TRW Pioneer F/G spacecraft structural model on shaker
Date 2/3/71
AC72-1281
Artist: Rick Gu …
1/26/72
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer F spacecraft in orbit around Jupiter
Date 1/26/72
AC72-2138
Photographer: K …
2/26/72
Description Photographer: KSC Pioneer-10 (or F) spacecraft encapsulated and moving to pad at Cape Kennedy for matting with a Atlas-Centaura launch vehicle in preparation for mission to Jupiter
Date 2/26/72
AC72-2139
Photographer: K …
2/26/72
Description Photographer: KSC A pre launch view of Pioneer-10 (or F) spacecraft encapsulated and mated with a Atlas-Centaura launch vehicle in preparation for mission to Jupiter
Date 2/26/72
AC72-2140
Photographer: K …
2/26/72
Description Photographer: KSC A pre launch view of Pioneer-10 (or F) spacecraft encapsulated and mated with a Atlas-Centaura launch vehicle in preparation for mission to Jupiter
Date 2/26/72
AC73-4247-1
Artist: Rick Gu …
8/28/73
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer (10) passing Jupiter (cropped) Mission art
Date 8/28/73
AC73-4247-2
Artist: Rick Gu …
8/28/73
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer (10) passing Jupiter
Date 8/28/73
AC73-4247-3
Artist: Rick Gu …
8/28/73
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer (10) passing Jupiter (cropped)
Date 8/28/73
AC73-4247-4
Artist: Rick Gu …
8/28/73
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer (10) passing Jupiter (cropped)
Date 8/28/73
AC73-4247-5
Artist: Rick Gu …
8/28/73
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer (10) passing Jupiter
Date 8/28/73
AC73-4247-6
Artist: Rick Gu …
8/28/73
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer (10) passing Jupiter
Date 8/28/73
AC73-4247
Artist: Rick Gu …
8/28/73
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer (10) passing Jupiter
Date 8/28/73
AC73-9345
Artist: Rick Gu …
11/16/73
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer Jupiter encounters Artwork: The gravity of Jupiter (or of Saturn), coupled with its orbital motion, can be used in a slingshot technique to speed spacecraft to the outer planets. (S.P. fig. no. 1-21).
Date 11/16/73
AC77-0475-11
Art By Don Davi …
4/1/77
Description Art By Don Davis Pioneer Venus orbiter in orbit around Venus
Date 4/1/77
AC78-9135
(added Oct. 8, …
7/25/80
Description (added Oct. 8, 1981) Photographer: Pioneer Complete Venus Map
Date 7/25/80
AC79-9114-33
Pioneer Saturn: …
8/2/79
Description Pioneer Saturn: Charlie Hall, project manager daily stand up meeting with Dr. Simpson at board
Date 8/2/79
AC79-9114-39
Pioneer Saturn: …
8/2/79
Description Pioneer Saturn: Charlie Hall, project manager daily stand up meeting
Date 8/2/79
AC79-9114-45
Pioneer Saturn: …
8/2/79
Description Pioneer Saturn: Charlie Hall, project manager daily stand up meeting
Date 8/2/79
AC79-9114-46
Pioneer Saturn: …
8/2/79
Description Pioneer Saturn: Charlie Hall, project manager daily stand up meeting shown are John Wolfe, Charlie Hall, Sy Syvertson and Richard Fimmel in bkgrd
Date 8/2/79
AC79-9114-70
Jules Bergman, …
8/2/79
Description Jules Bergman, ABC Science Newscaster stands by a NASA Ames press room for the continuing information being returned by the Pioneer spacecraft during it's encounter with the planet Saturn and it's rings.
Date 8/2/79
AC81-0174-1
Artist: Ken Hod …
3/20/81
Description Artist: Ken Hodges Pioneer Galileo Probe descending into Jupiter's Atmosphere with parachute deployed, heat shield separation, while orbiter collects data from above (from JPL files - no reference nunber available)
Date 3/20/81
ACD07-0049-045
Silicon Valley …
3/16/07
Description Silicon Valley FIRST Regional Robotics competition: The Apes of Wrath - Team 668 - BAE Systems/Capitol Honda/D&M Model & Machine shop/Mchale Creative & Pioneer High School ASB, San Jose California (CA) do battle with Quixilver - Team 604 - Exatron/Google Leland High School, San Jose, California (CA)
Date 3/16/07
AC86-0038
Photographer: N …
1/17/86
Description Photographer: N/A Pioneer Galileo mission trajectory artwork (ref: McDonnell Douglas May, 77 # D4C-117575-4)
Date 1/17/86
AC89-0146-1
Artist: unknown …
3/22/89
Description Artist: unknown Jupiter Mission: Pioneer Galileo Entry Probe Artwork
Date 3/22/89
AC89-0146-2
Artist: unknown …
3/22/89
Description Artist: unknown Jupiter Mission: Pioneer Galileo Entry Probe Artwork (descent and separation)
Date 3/22/89
AC89-0146-3
Artist: C Kalla …
3/22/89
Description Artist: C Kallas Jupiter Mission: Pioneer Galileo Entry Probe Artwork (heatshield separation) (jpl ref: 4S30599)
Date 3/22/89
ACD95-0126
ARTIST: DON DAV …
4/19/95
Description ARTIST: DON DAVIS PIONEER GALILEO PROBE DESCENDS THROUGH JUPITER'S CLOUDS
Date 4/19/95
Venus - Compute …
PIA00104
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Radar
Title Venus - Computer Simulated Global View Centered at 180 Degrees East Longitude
Original Caption Released with Image This global view of the surface of Venus is centered at 180 degrees east longitude. Magellan synthetic aperture radar mosaics from the first cycle of Magellan mapping are mapped onto a computer-simulated globe to create this image. Data gaps are filled with Pioneer Venus Orbiter data, or a constant mid-range value. Simulated color is used to enhance small-scale structure. The simulated hues are based on color images recorded by the Soviet Venera 13 and 14 spacecraft. The image was produced by the Solar System Visualization project and the Magellan science team at the JPL Multimission Image Processing Laboratory and is a single frame from a video released at the October 29, 1991, JPL news conference.
Venus - Lineate …
PIA00085
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Radar
Title Venus - Lineated Plains in Lakshmi Region
Original Caption Released with Image This mosaic shows an area of the Lakshmi region that is located 30 degrees north latitude and 333.3 degrees east longitude. (Longitude on Venus is measured from 0 degrees to 360 degrees east). The area shown measures about 37 kilometers (23 miles) wide and 80 kilometers (50 miles) long. Based on data from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and the ground-based Arecibo Radar Observatory, it is known that this region is located on the low rise that separates Sedna Planitia and Guinevere Planitia, just to the west of Eistla Regio. Two sets of parallel lineations are seen intersecting almost at right angles. The fainter lineations are spaced at regular intervals of about one kilometer (0.6 mile) and extend beyond the boundary of the image. The width of the faint lineations is at the limit of resolution of the best Magellan images. The brighter, more dominant lineations are less regular and, in places, appear to begin and end where they intersect the fainter lineations. It is not clear whether the two sets of lineations are faults or fractures, but in other Magellan images, these bright lineations are associated with pit craters and volcanic features. This type of terrain has not been seen on Venus nor on other planets. North is at the top of the image.
Venus - Compute …
PIA00257
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Radar
Title Venus - Computer Simulated Global View Centered at 0 Degrees East Longitude
Original Caption Released with Image This global view of the surface of Venus is centered at 0 degrees east longitude. Magellan synthetic aperture radar mosaics from the first cycle of Magellan mapping are mapped onto a computer-simulated globe to create this image. Data gaps are filled with Pioneer Venus Orbiter data, or a constant mid-range value. Simulated color is used to enhance small-scale structure. The simulated hues are based on color images recorded by the Soviet Venera 13 and 14 spacecraft. The image was produced by the Solar System Visualization project and the Magellan Science team at the JPL Multimission Image Processing Laboratory, and is a single frame from a video released at the October 29, 1991, JPL news conference.
Venus - Compute …
PIA00252
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Radar
Title Venus - Computer Simulated Global View of Northern Hemisphere
Original Caption Released with Image The northern hemisphere is displayed in this global view of the surface of Venus. The north pole is at the center of the image, with 0 degrees, 90 degrees, 180 degrees, 270 degrees east longitudes at the 6, 3, 12, 9 o'clock positions, respectively, of an imaginary clock face. Magellan synthetic aperture radar mosaics from the first cycle of Magellan mapping are mapped onto a computer-simulated globe to create this image. Data gaps are filled with Pioneer Venus Orbiter data, or a constant mid-range value. Simulated color is used to enhance small-scale structure. The simulated hues are based on color images recorded by the Soviet Venera 13 and 14 spacecraft. The image was produced at the JPL Multimission Image Processing Laboratory and is a single frame from a video released at the October 29, 1991, JPL news conference.
Venus - Simple …
PIA00256
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Radar
Title Venus - Simple Cylindrical Map of Surface (Eastern Half)
Original Caption Released with Image The eastern half of the planet is displayed in this simple cylindrical map of the surface of Venus. The left edge of the image is at 52.5 degrees east longitude, the right edge at 240 degrees east longitude. The top and bottom of the image are at 90 degrees north latitude and 90 degrees south latitude, respectively. Magellan synthetic aperture radar mosaics from the first cycle of Magellan mapping are mapped onto a rectangular latitude-longitude grid to create this image. Data gaps are filled with Pioneer Venus Orbiter altimetric data, or a constant mid-range value. Simulated color is used to enhance small-scale structure. The simulated hues are based on color images recorded by the Soviet Venera 13 and 14 spacecraft. The image was produced by the Solar System Visualization project and the Magellan science team at the JPL Multimission Image Processing Laboratory.
Dr. von Braun a …
Name of Image Dr. von Braun and Dr. Debus During CM-21 Firing
Date of Image 1959-01-21
Full Description In this photo, (left to right) Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) Missile Firing Laboratory Chief Dr. Kurt Debus, Director of the ABMA Development Operations Division, Dr. von Braun and an unidentified individual in blockhouse during the CM-21 (Jupiter) firing. The Jupiter missile CM-21 became the first Chrysler production qualification missile to be fired and in March 1959 launched the Pioneer IV.
Juno II
Name of Image Juno II
Date of Image 1959-08-14
Full Description The Juno II launch vehicle, shown here, was a modified Jupiter Intermediate-Range Ballistic missionile, developed by Dr. Wernher von Braun and the rocket team at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama. Between December 1958 and April 1961, the Juno II launched space probes Pioneer III and IV, as well as Explorer satellites VII, VIII and XI.
Dr. Robert Godd …
title Dr. Robert Goddard
date 01.01.1932
description The Goddard Space Flight Center was named in honor of Dr. Robert Goddard, a pioneer in rocket development. Dr. Goddard received patents for a multi-stage rocket and liquid propellants in 1914 and published a paper describing how to reach extreme altitudes six years later. That paper, "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes," detailed methods for raising weather-recording instruments higher than what could be achieved by balloons and explained the mathematical theories of rocket propulsion. The paper, which was published by the Smithsonian Institution, also discussed the possibility of a rocket reaching the moon -- a position for which the press ridiculed Goddard. Yet several copies of the report found their way to Europe, and by 1927, the German Rocket Society was established, and the German Army began its rocket program in 1931. Goddard, meanwhile, continued his work. By 1926, he had constructed and tested the first rocket using liquid fuel. Goddard's work largely anticipated in technical detail the later German V-2 missiles, including gyroscopic control, steering by means of vanes in the jet stream of the rocket motor, gimbal-steering, power-driven fuel pumps and other devices. *Image Credit*: NASA
These images ar …
3/16/95
Date 3/16/95
Description These images are composites of the complete radar image collection obtained by the Magellan mission. The Magellan spacecraft was launched aboard space shuttle Atlantis in May 1989 and began mapping the surface of Venus in September 1990. The spacecraft continued to orbit Venus for four years, returning high-resolution images, altimetry, thermal emissions and gravity maps of 98 percent of the surface. Magellan spacecraft operations ended on October 12, 1994, when the radio contact was lost with the spacecraft during its controlled descent into the deeper portions of the Venusian atmosphere. The surface of Venus is displayed in these five global views. The center image (A) is centered at Venus’s north pole. The other four images are centered around the equator of Venus at (B) 0 degrees longitude, (C) 90 degrees east longitude, (D) 180 degrees and (E) 270 degrees east longitude. Magellan synthetic aperture radar mosaics are mapped onto a rectangular latitude-longitude grid to create this image. Data gaps are filled with Pioneer-Venus Orbiter altimetric data, or a constant mid- range value. Simulated color is used to enhance small-scale structure. The simulated hues are based on color images recorded by the Soviet Venera 13 and 14 spacecraft. The bright region near the center in the polar view is Maxwell Montes, the highest mountain range on Venus. Ovda Regio is centered in the (C) 90 degrees east longitude view. Atla Regio is seen prominently in the (D) 180 east longitude view. The scattered dark patches in this image are halos surrounding some of the younger impact craters. This global data set reveals a number of craters consistent with an average Venus surface age of 300 million to 500 million years. The image was produced by the Solar System Visualization Project and the Magellan science team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory'’s Multimission Image Processing Laboratory. #####
This image is a …
3/16/95
Date 3/16/95
Description This image is a composite of the complete radar image collection obtained by the Magellan mission. The Magellan spacecraft was launched aboard space shuttle Atlantis in May 1989 and began mapping the surface of Venus in September 1990. The spacecraft continued to orbit Venus for four years, returning high- resolution images, altimetry, thermal emissions and gravity maps of 98 percent of the surface. Magellan spacecraft operations ended on October 12, 1994, when the radio contact was lost with the spacecraft during its controlled descent into the deeper portions of the Venusian atmosphere. Venus is displayed in this simple cylindrical map of the planet's surface. The right and left edges of the image are at 240 degrees east longitude. The top and bottom of the image are at 90 degrees north latitude and 90 degrees south latitude, respectively. Magellan synthetic aperture radar mosaics are mapped onto a rectangular latitude- longitude grid to create this image. Data gaps are filled with Pioneer-Venus Orbiter altimetric data, or a constant mid-range value. Simulated color is used to enhance small-scale structure. The simulated hues are based on color images recorded by the Soviet Venera 13 and 14 spacecraft. At the top, left of center, the bright region is Maxwell Montes, the highest mountain range on Venus. Extending along the equator to the right of center is Aphrodite Terra, a large highland region on Venus. The scattered dark patches in this image are halos surrounding some of the younger impact craters. This global data set reveals a number of craters consistent with an average Venus surface age of 300 million to 500 million years. The image was produced by the Solar System Visualization Project and the Magellan science team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory'’s Multimission Image Processing Laboratory. #####
Saturn's Magnet …
Description Saturn's Magnetosphere
Full Description The magnetosphere is an area of space, around a planet, that is controlled by that planet's magnetic field. Saturn is surrounded by a giant magnetic field, lined up with the rotation axis of the planet. This cannot be explained by current theories. Cassini may explain how the puzzling magnetic field of Saturn is generated. This magnetic field may also cause strange features in the rings called 'spokes'. These markings fall across the rings like spokes in a wheel and may be caused by electrically charged particles caught up in the magnetic field, but there are as yet no detailed theories about them. The brief reconnaissance encounters of the Pioneer 11 and the two Voyager spacecraft have provided most of our current information about the structure and dynamics of Saturn's magnetosphere. Here are some things that we do know: * Saturn's 'bow shock', the region point where the solar wind and the planet's magnetic field meet, much like the bow wave of a ship, is between 20 and 35 times Saturn's radius out into space. * The thickness of the bow shock is about 2000 kilometres. * Saturn's internal magnetic field is closely aligned with the planet's axis of rotation (within 1 degree). Saturn's magnetosphere appears to be intermediate in nature to those of Earth and Jupiter. As with Jupiter's magnetosphere, the dayside inner magnetosphere is mostly driven by the fast planetary rotation. However at night, it is expected that the nightside and outer magnetosphere is primarily driven by the solar wind, as is the case on Earth. * There is an electrical current (the 'equatorial ring current') flowing with about 10 000 000 Amps around 600 000 kilometres above Saturn. * Saturn Kilometric Radiation (SKR) is the principal radio emission from Saturn. SKR is believed to be linked to the way electrons in the solar wind interact with the magnetic field at Saturn's poles. Click here for a high resolution version. *Credit:* ESA
Date June 2, 2004
Saturn's Magnet …
Description Saturn's Magnetosphere
Full Description The magnetosphere is an area of space, around a planet, that is controlled by that planet's magnetic field. Saturn is surrounded by a giant magnetic field, lined up with the rotation axis of the planet. This cannot be explained by current theories. Cassini may explain how the puzzling magnetic field of Saturn is generated. This magnetic field may also cause strange features in the rings called 'spokes'. These markings fall across the rings like spokes in a wheel and may be caused by electrically charged particles caught up in the magnetic field, but there are as yet no detailed theories about them. The brief reconnaissance encounters of the Pioneer 11 and the two Voyager spacecraft have provided most of our current information about the structure and dynamics of Saturn's magnetosphere. Here are some things that we do know: * Saturn's 'bow shock', the region point where the solar wind and the planet's magnetic field meet, much like the bow wave of a ship, is between 20 and 35 times Saturn's radius out into space. * The thickness of the bow shock is about 2000 kilometres. * Saturn's internal magnetic field is closely aligned with the planet's axis of rotation (within 1 degree). Saturn's magnetosphere appears to be intermediate in nature to those of Earth and Jupiter. As with Jupiter's magnetosphere, the dayside inner magnetosphere is mostly driven by the fast planetary rotation. However at night, it is expected that the nightside and outer magnetosphere is primarily driven by the solar wind, as is the case on Earth. * There is an electrical current (the 'equatorial ring current') flowing with about 10 000 000 Amps around 600 000 kilometres above Saturn. * Saturn Kilometric Radiation (SKR) is the principal radio emission from Saturn. SKR is believed to be linked to the way electrons in the solar wind interact with the magnetic field at Saturn's poles. Click here for a high resolution version. *Credit:* ESA
Date June 2, 2004
Mercury-Atlas T …
Title Mercury-Atlas Test Launch
Full Description A NASA Project Mercury spacecraft was test launched at 11:15 AM EST on April 25, 1961 from Cape Canaveral, Florida, in a test designed to qualify the Mercury Spacecraft and all systems, which must function during orbit and reentry from orbit. The Mercury-Atlas vehicle was destroyed by Range Safety Officer about 40 seconds after liftoff. The spacecraft was recovered and appeared to be in good condition. Atlas was designed to launch payloads into low Earth orbit, geosynchronous transfer orbit or geosynchronous orbit. NASA first launched Atlas as a space launch vehicle in 1958. Project SCORE, the first communications satellite that transmitted President Eisenhower's pre-recorded Christmas speech around the world, was launched on an Atlas. For all three robotic lunar exploration programs, Atlas was used. Atlas/ Centaur vehicles launched both Mariner and Pioneer planetary probes. The current operational Atlas II family has a 100% mission success rating. For more information about Atlas, please see Chapter 2 in Roger Launius and Dennis Jenkins' book To Reach the High Frontier published by The University Press of Kentucky in 2002.
Date 04/25/1961
NASA Center Kennedy Space Center
Orbital Traject …
Title Orbital Trajectories Presentation
Full Description On June 28, 1958, Charles Lundquist (right) gave a presentation on orbital trajectories at the Army Ballestic Missile Agency in Huntsville, Alabama to Hermann Oberth (left) and Wernher Von Braun (center). Von Braun was an active proponent of utilizing space stations as "base camps" to other planets and satellites. Hermann Oberth was Von Braun's mentor and was a pioneer in suggesting that space stations would be essential if humans wished to travel to other planets. Charles Lundquist was the chief of the Physics and Astrophysics branch within the former Research Projects Division at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.
Date 06/28/1958
NASA Center Headquarters
Dr. Robert Godd …
Title Dr. Robert Goddard
Full Description The Goddard Space Flight Center was named in honor of Dr. Robert Goddard, a pioneer in rocket development. Dr. Goddard received patents for a multi-stage rocket and liquid propellants in 1914 and published a paper describing how to reach extreme altitudes six years later. That paper, "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes," detailed methods for raising weather-recording instruments higher than what could be achieved by balloons and explained the mathematical theories of rocket propulsion. The paper, which was published by the Smithsonian Institution, also discussed the possibility of a rocket reaching the moon-a position for which the press ridiculed Goddard. Yet several copies of the report found their way to Europe, and by1927, the German Rocket Society was established, and the German Army began its rocket program in 1931. Goddard, meanwhile, continued his work. By 1926, he had constructed and tested the first rocket using liquid fuel. Goddard's work largely anticipated in technical detail the later German V-2 missiles, including gyroscopic control, steering by means of vanes in the jet stream of the rocket motor, gimbal-steering, power-driven fuel pumps and other devices.
Date 01/01/1932
NASA Center Goddard Space Flight Center
First Mercury-A …
Title First Mercury-Atlas Attempted Launch
Full Description An Atlas vehicle is shown as it is raised into its launch gantry. This Atlas attempted to launch a Mercury spacecraft (without any astronauts aboard) into orbital flight. The launch vehicle developed 360,000 pounds of thrust and burned RP-1, a kerosene-like fuel, and liquid oxygen. It was about 60 feet in length and 10 feet in diameter at the tank section. This was the first attempt by NASA to put a Mercury spacecraft into Earth orbit. Unfortunately, this Atlas exploded at launch. Atlas was designed to launch payloads into low Earth orbit, geosynchronous transfer orbit or geosynchronous orbit. NASA first launched Atlas as a space launch vehicle in 1958. Project SCORE, the first communications satellite that transmitted President Eisenhower's pre-recorded Christmas speech around the world, was launched on an Atlas. For all three robotic lunar exploration programs, Atlas was used. Atlas/ Centaur vehicles launched Mariner and Pioneer planetary probes. The current operational Atlas II family has a 100% mission success rating. For more information about Atlas, please see Chapter 2 in Roger Launius and Dennis Jenkins' book To Reach the High Frontier published by The University Press of Kentucky in 2002.
Date 04/23/1961
NASA Center Headquarters
Unloading Atlas …
Title Unloading Atlas Launch Vehicle
Full Description The Atlas launch vehicle is shown being unloaded at Cape Canaveral, Florida. This vehicle was expected to launch a Mercury spacecraft (without any astronauts aboard), built by McDonnell Aircraft Corp., into orbit. The Atlas attempted to place the Mercury spacecraft into its first orbital flight. The spacecraft was supposed to be launched in an orbital flight path and reentry was to be initiated about 90 minutes later as the craft neared the end of the first orbit. Unfortunately, this Atlas exploded at launch. Atlas was designed to launch payloads into low Earth orbit, geosynchronous transfer orbit or geosynchronous orbit. NASA first launched Atlas as a space launch vehicle in 1958. Project SCORE, the first communications satellite that transmitted President Eisenhower's pre-recorded Christmas speech around the world, was launched on an Atlas. For all three robotic lunar exploration programs, Atlas was used. Atlas/ Centaur vehicles launched both Mariner and Pioneer planetary probes. The current operational Atlas II family has a 100% mission success rating. For more information about Atlas, please see Chapter 2 in Roger Launius and Dennis Jenkins' book To Reach the High Frontier published by The University Press of Kentucky in 2002.
Date 04/23/1961
NASA Center Kennedy Space Center
Launch of Mercu …
Title Launch of Mercury-Atlas
Full Description In this Project Mercury test, a spacecraft booster by a modified Atlas was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida. The Mercury capsule reached a peak altitude of 107 statute miles and landed 1.425 miles down range. Atlas was designed to launch payloads into low Earth orbit, geosynchronous transfer orbit or geosynchronous orbit. NASA first launched Atlas as a space launch vehicle in 1958. Project SCORE, the first communications satellite that transmitted President Eisenhower's pre-recorded Christmas speech around the world, was launched on an Atlas. For all three robotic lunar exploration programs, Atlas was used. Atlas/ Centaur vehicles launched both Mariner and Pioneer planetary probes. The current operational Atlas II family has a 100% mission success rating. For more information about Atlas, please see Chapter 2 in Roger Launius and Dennis Jenkins' book To Reach the High Frontier published by The University Press of Kentucky in 2002 (in which Dennis Jenkins notes on page 98 that "as a space launch vehicle there is no question that Atlas has made a mark for itself, and a great deal of money for its manufacturers").
Date 02/21/1961
NASA Center Kennedy Space Center
Venus Hemispher …
PIA03151
Sol (our sun)
Arecibo Radar D …
Title Venus Hemispherical Globes
Original Caption Released with Image The images used for the base of this globe show the northern and southern hemispheres of Venus as revealed by more than a decade of radar investigations culminating in the 1990-1994 Magellan mission. The Magellan spacecraft imaged more than 98% of Venus at a resolution of about 100 meters, the effective resolution of these images is about 3 kilometers. A mosaic of the Magellan images (most with illumination from the west) forms the image base. Gaps in the Magellan coverage were filled with images from Soviet Venera 15 and 16 spacecraft in the northern quarter of the planet, with images from the Earth-based Arecibo radar in a region centered roughly on 0 degrees latitude and 0 degrees longitude, and with a neutral tone elsewhere (primarily near the south pole). The composite image was processed to improve contrast and to emphasize small features and was color-coded to represent elevation. Gaps in the elevation data from the Magellan radar altimeter were filled with altimetry from the Venera spacecraft and the U.S. Pioneer Venus missions. The images are presented in a projection that portrays the entire surface of Venus in a manner suitable for the production of a globe. A specialized program was used to create the "flower petal" appearance of the images, the area of each petal from 0 to 75 degrees latitude is in the Transverse Mercator projection, and the area from 75 to 90 degrees latitude is in the Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection. The projections for adjacent petals overlap by 2 degrees of longitude, so that some features are shown twice. (See PIA03167 [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA03167 ] for the image with place names.)
Venus Hemispher …
PIA03167
Sol (our sun)
Arecibo Radar D …
Title Venus Hemispherical Globes (with place names)
Original Caption Released with Image The images used for the base of this globe show the northern and southern hemispheres of Venus as revealed by more than a decade of radar investigations culminating in the 1990-1994 Magellan mission. The Magellan spacecraft imaged more than 98% of Venus at a resolution of about 100 meters, the effective resolution of these images is about 3 kilometers. A mosaic of the Magellan images (most with illumination from the west) forms the image base. Gaps in the Magellan coverage were filled with images from Soviet Venera 15 and 16 spacecraft in the northern quarter of the planet, with images from the Earth-based Arecibo radar in a region centered roughly on 0 degrees latitude and 0 degrees longitude, and with a neutral tone elsewhere (primarily near the south pole). The composite image was processed to improve contrast and to emphasize small features and was color-coded to represent elevation. Gaps in the elevation data from the Magellan radar altimeter were filled with altimetry from the Venera spacecraft and the U.S. Pioneer Venus missions. The images are presented in a projection that portrays the entire surface of Venus in a manner suitable for the production of a globe. A specialized program was used to create the "flower petal" appearance of the images, the area of each petal from 0 to 75 degrees latitude is in the Transverse Mercator projection, and the area from 75 to 90 degrees latitude is in the Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection. The projections for adjacent petals overlap by 2 degrees of longitude, so that some features are shown twice. Names are approved by the International Astronomical Union. (See PIA03151 [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA03151 ] for the image without place names.)
Topological Fea …
Title Topological Features of a Compressible Plasma Vortex Sheet - a Model of the Outer Heliospheric Wind
Abstract The Voyager and Pioneer Spacecraft have detected large-scale quasi-periodic plasma fluctuations in the outer heliosphere beyond 20 AU. A plasma vortex sheet model can explain these fluctuations and the observed correlations between various physical variables. The large scale outer heliosphere is modeled by solving the 3-D compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations involving three interacting shear layers. Computations were done on a Cray computer at the NASA Center for Computational Sciences. Six cases are animated: Weak magnetic field and strong magnetic field, each at three values of tau, the vortex street characteristic time. Contours of density are shown as dark transparent 'tubes'. Critical points of the velocity field are represented by 'Glyphs'. Vortex cores are shown in orange and blue.
Completed 1993-12-17
Hubble Provides …
Title Hubble Provides the First Images of Saturn's Aurorae
Hubble Monitors …
Title Hubble Monitors Weather on Neighboring Planets
Hubble Again Vi …
Title Hubble Again Views Saturn's Rings Edge-On
NASA's Hubble S …
Title NASA's Hubble Space Telescope Produces Clear Color Photo of Jupiter
Hemispheric Vie …
PIA00157
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Radar
Title Hemispheric View of Venus Centered at 0 Degrees East Longitude
Original Caption Released with Image The hemispheric view of Venus, as revealed by more than a decade of radar investigations culminating in the 1990-1994 Magellan mission, is centered at 0 degrees east longitude. The Magellan spacecraft imaged more than 98% of Venus at a resolution of about 100 meters, the effective resolution of this image is about 3 km. A mosaic of the Magellan images (most with illumination from the west) forms the image base. Gaps in the Magellan coverage were filled with images from the Earth-based Arecibo radar in a region centered roughly on 0 degree latitude and longitude, and with a neutral tone elsewhere (primarily near the south pole). The composite image was processed to improve contrast and to emphasize small features, and was color-coded to represent elevation. Gaps in the elevation data from the Magellan radar altimeter were filled with altimetry from the Venera spacecraft and the U.S. Pioneer Venus missions. An orthographic projection was used, simulating a distant view of one hemisphere of the planet. The Magellan mission was managed for NASA by Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA. Data processed by JPL, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ.
Hemispheric Vie …
PIA00159
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Radar
Title Hemispheric View of Venus Centered at 180 Degrees East Longitude
Original Caption Released with Image The hemispheric view of Venus, as revealed by more than a decade of radar investigations culminating in the 1990-1994 Magellan mission, is centered at 180 degrees east longitude. The Magellan spacecraft imaged more than 98% of Venus at a resolution of about 100 meters, the effective resolution of this image is about 3 km. A mosaic of the Magellan images (most with illumination from the west) forms the image base. Gaps in the Magellan coverage were filled with images from the Earth-based Arecibo radar in a region centered roughly on 0 degree latitude and longitude, and with a neutral tone elsewhere (primarily near the south pole). The composite image was processed to improve contrast and to emphasize small features, and was color-coded to represent elevation. Gaps in the elevation data from the Magellan radar altimeter were filled with altimetry from the Venera spacecraft and the U.S. Pioneer Venus missions. An orthographic projection was used, simulating a distant view of one hemisphere of the planet. The Magellan mission was managed for NASA by Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA. Data processed by JPL, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ.
Hemispheric Vie …
PIA00158
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Radar
Title Hemispheric View of Venus Centered at 90 Degrees East Longitude
Original Caption Released with Image The hemispheric view of Venus, as revealed by more than a decade of radar investigations culminating in the 1990-1994 Magellan mission, is centered at 90 degrees east longitude. The Magellan spacecraft imaged more than 98% of Venus at a resolution of about 100 meters, the effective resolution of this image is about 3 km. A mosaic of the Magellan images (most with illumination from the west) forms the image base. Gaps in the Magellan coverage were filled with images from the Earth-based Arecibo radar in a region centered roughly on 0 degree latitude and longitude, and with a neutral tone elsewhere (primarily near the south pole). The composite image was processed to improve contrast and to emphasize small features, and was color-coded to represent elevation. Gaps in the elevation data from the Magellan radar altimeter were filled with altimetry from the Venera spacecraft and the U.S. Pioneer Venus missions. An orthographic projection was used, simulating a distant view of one hemisphere of the planet. The Magellan mission was managed for NASA by Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA. Data processed by JPL, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ.
Hemispheric Vie …
PIA00160
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Radar
Title Hemispheric View of Venus Centered at 270 Degrees East Longitude
Original Caption Released with Image The hemispheric view of Venus, as revealed by more than a decade of radar investigations culminating in the 1990-1994 Magellan mission, is centered at 270 degrees east longitude. The Magellan spacecraft imaged more than 98% of Venus at a resolution of about 100 meters, the effective resolution of this image is about 3 km. A mosaic of the Magellan images (most with illumination from the west) forms the image base. Gaps in the Magellan coverage were filled with images from the Earth-based Arecibo radar in a region centered roughly on 0 degree latitude and longitude, and with a neutral tone elsewhere (primarily near the south pole). The composite image was processed to improve contrast and to emphasize small features, and was color-coded to represent elevation. Gaps in the elevation data from the Magellan radar altimeter were filled with altimetry from the Venera spacecraft and the U.S. Pioneer Venus missions. An orthographic projection was used, simulating a distant view of one hemisphere of the planet. The Magellan mission was managed for NASA by Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA. Data processed by JPL, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ.
Hemispheric Vie …
PIA00007
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Radar
Title Hemispheric View of Venus Centered at the North Pole
Original Caption Released with Image The hemispheric view of Venus, as revealed by more than a decade of radar investigations culminating in the 1990-1994 Magellan mission, is centered on the North Pole. The Magellan spacecraft imaged more than 98% of Venus at a resolution of about 100 meters, the effective resolution of this image is about 3 km. A mosaic of the Magellan images (most with illumination from the west) forms the image base. Gaps in the Magellan coverage were filled with images from the Earth-based Arecibo radar in a region centered roughly on 0 degree latitude and longitude, and with a neutral tone elsewhere (primarily near the south pole). The composite image was processed to improve contrast and to emphasize small features, and was color-coded to represent elevation. Gaps in the elevation data from the Magellan radar altimeter were filled with altimetry from the Venera spacecraft and the U.S. Pioneer Venus missions. An orthographic projection was used, simulating a distant view of one hemisphere of the planet. The Magellan mission was managed for NASA by Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA. Data processed by JPL, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ.
Hemispheric Vie …
PIA00008
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Radar
Title Hemispheric View of Venus Centered at the South Pole
Original Caption Released with Image The hemispheric view of Venus, as revealed by more than a decade of radar investigations culminating in the 1990-1994 Magellan mission, is centered on the South Pole. The Magellan spacecraft imaged more than 98% of Venus at a resolution of about 100 meters, the effective resolution of this image is about 3 km. A mosaic of the Magellan images (most with illumination from the west) forms the image base. Gaps in the Magellan coverage were filled with images from the Earth-based Arecibo radar in a region centered roughly on 0 degree latitude and longitude, and with a neutral tone elsewhere (primarily near the south pole). The composite image was processed to improve contrast and to emphasize small features, and was color-coded to represent elevation. Gaps in the elevation data from the Magellan radar altimeter were filled with altimetry from the Venera spacecraft and the U.S. Pioneer Venus missions. An orthographic projection was used, simulating a distant view of one hemisphere of the planet. The Magellan mission was managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA. Data processed by JPL, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ.
Venus
PIA01544
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science …
Title Venus
Original Caption Released with Image VENUS CLOUD TOPS VIEWED BY HUBBLE. This is a NASA Hubble Space Telescope ultraviolet-light image of the planet Venus, taken on January 24 1995, when Venus was at a distance of 70.6 million miles (113.6 million kilometers) from Earth. Venus is covered with clouds made of sulfuric acid, rather than the water-vapor clouds found on Earth. These clouds permanently shroud Venus' volcanic surface, which has been radar mapped by spacecraft and from Earth-based telescope. At ultraviolet wavelengths cloud patterns become distinctive. In particular, a horizontal "Y"-shaped cloud feature is visible near the equator. Similar features were seen from Mariner 10, Pioneer Venus, and Galileo spacecrafts. This global feature might indicate atmospheric waves, analogous to high and low pressure cells on Earth. Bright clouds toward Venus' poles appear to follow latitude lines. The polar regions are bright, possibly showing a haze of small particles overlying the main clouds. The dark regions show the location of enhanced sulfur dioxide near the cloud tops. From previous missions, astronomers know that such features travel east to west along with the Venus' prevailing winds, to make a complete circuit around the planet in four days. Because Venus is closer to the Sun than Earth, the planet appears to go through phases, like the Moon. When Venus swings close to Earth the planet's disk appears to grow in size, but changes from a full disk to a crescent. The image was taken with the Wide Field Planetary Camera-2, in PC mode. False color has been used enhance cloud features.
AC70-1034
Pioneer F/G spa …
1/14/71
Description Pioneer F/G spacecraft in orbit around Jupiter artwork
Date 1/14/71
The Sun's Helio …
Title The Sun's Heliosphere & Heliopause
Explanation Where does the Sun's influence end? Nobody is sure. Out past the orbits of Neptune [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/neptune.html ] and Pluto [ http://www.nineplanets.org/pluto.html ] extends a region named the heliosphere [ http://science.msfc.nasa.gov/ssl/pad/solar/heliosph.htm ] where the Sun's magnetic field [ http://science.msfc.nasa.gov/ssl/pad/solar/the_key.htm ] and particles from the Solar Wind [ http://science.msfc.nasa.gov/ssl/pad/solar/sun_wind.htm ] continue to dominate. The surface where the Solar Wind [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap000318.html ] drops below sound speed [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap010221.html ] is called the termination shock [ http://web.mit.edu/space/www/voyager/voyager_science/helio.review/axford.suess.html#Distance ] and is depicted as the inner oval in the above computer-generated illustration [ http://www.cs.indiana.edu/~soljourn/ ]. It is thought that this surface occurs as close as 75-90 AU [ http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/glossary/au.html ] -- so close that a Pioneer [ http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/pioneer/PNhome.html ] or Voyager [ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/ ] spacecraft may soon glide through [ http://www.srl.caltech.edu/personnel/ace/recentpub/JGR_96/pap_preprint.html ] it as they exit the Solar System [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap020214.html ] at about 3 AU/year. The actual contact sheet between the Sun's ions [ http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/wplasma.html ] and the Galaxy's ions is called the heliopause [ http://www-pw.physics.uiowa.edu/plasma-wave/voyager/heliopr.html ] and is thought to occur at about 110 AU. It is depicted above as the middle surface. The Sun's heliopause [ http://web.mit.edu/space/www/voyager/voyager_science/helio.review/axford.suess.html ] moves through the local interstellar medium [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap020210.html ] much as a boat moves on water, pushing a bow shock [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap001017.html ] out in front, thought to occur near 230 AU.
The 76 Meter Lo …
Title The 76 Meter Lovell Radio Telescope
Explanation Jodrell Bank [ http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/ ] in England is the home of the Lovell Telescope [ http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/Lovell-Telescope.html ] one of the largest radio telescopes in the world. Completed in 1957 under the direction of Bernard Lovell, the 250 ft. diameter dish was [ http://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/effberg.html ] the largest "steerable" radio telescope. The telescope has been used to monitor extremely faint radio emissions from space, including the transmissions of the Pioneer spacecraft [ http://pyroeis.arc.nasa.gov/pioneer/PNhome.html ] in the distant Solar System [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950819.html ]. The telescope has been used in many astronomical investigations, including the determination of structure in local interstellar gas [ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1989ApJ%2E%2E%2E347%2E%2E302D&db_key=AST ], searches for pulsars [ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1992MNRAS%2E254%2E%2E257B&db_key=AST ], determining molecular abundances towards the Galactic center [ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1994A%26AS%2E%2E107%2E%2E563B&db_key=AST ], and mapping hydrogen emission in galaxies [ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1992MNRAS%2E258%2E%2E334S&db_key=AST ]. Currently, the telescope is not really for sale [ http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/~rno/lovell.html ].
Magellan radar …
Title Magellan radar image of Danu Montes in Lakshmi Region of Venus
Description This Magellan radar mosaic image is of part of the Danu Montes in the Lakshmi Region of Venus. The area in the image is located at 329.6 degrees east longitude and 58.75 degrees north latitude. This image shows an area 40 kilometers (km) (19.6 miles) wide and 60 km (39.2 miles) long. Danu Montes is a mountain belt located at the southern edge of the Ishtar Terra highland region. It rises one to three kilometers above a flat plain to the north known as Lakshmi Planum. On the basis of Pioneer Venus, Arecibo and Venera data, Danu Montes and the other mountain belts surrounding Lakshmi Planum have been interpreted to be orogenic belts marking the focus of compressional deformation, much like the Appalachian and Andes ranges on Earth. In the upper right part of this image, relatively bright, smooth-textured plains of Lakshmi Planum are seen to embay the heavily deformed mountain range to the south. In the mountain range south of these plains the geology is dominated by abundant faults at mu
Date Taken 1990-10-09
Mission patch f …
Title Mission patch for the Gemini V space flight
Description Mission patch for the Gemini V space flight. The names of the prime crewmen are on either side of a covered wagon, which symbolizes the pioneer spirit of space exploration.
Date Taken 1966-11-02
Weijia Zhou Ins …
Name of Image Weijia Zhou Inspects the Advanced Astroculture plant growth unit
Date of Image 2003-02-09
Full Description Dr. Weijia Zhou, director of the Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, inspects the Advanced Astroculture(tm) plant growth unit before its first flight last spring. Coating technology is used inside the miniature plant greenhouse to remove ethylene, a chemical produced by plant leaves that can cause plants to mature too quickly. This same coating technology is used in a new anthrax-killing device. The Space Station experiment is managed by the Space Product Development Program at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. DuPont is partnering with NASA and the Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics (WCSAR) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison to grow soybeans aboard the Space Station to find out if they have improved oil, protein, carbohydrates or secondary metabolites that could benefit farmers and consumers. Principal Investigators: Dr. Tom Corbin, Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc., a Dupont Company, with headquarters in Des Moines, Iowa, and Dr. Weijia Zhou, Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics (WCSAR), University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Soybeans Growin …
Name of Image Soybeans Growing inside the Advanced Astroculture Plant Growth Chamber
Date of Image 2003-02-09
Full Description This composite image shows soybean plants growing in the Advanced Astroculture experiment aboard the International Space Station during June 11-July 2, 2002. DuPont is partnering with NASA and the Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics (WCSAR) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison to grow soybeans aboard the Space Station to find out if they have improved oil, protein, carbohydrates or secondary metabolites that could benefit farmers and consumers. Principal Investigators: Dr. Tom Corbin, Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc., a Dupont Company, with headquarters in Des Moines, Iowa, and Dr. Weijia Zhou, Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics (WCSAR), University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Five Pioneers w …
Name of Image Five Pioneers with Scale Models of Their Missiles
Date of Image 1950-01-01
Full Description Five pioneers pose with scale models of their missiles they created in the 1950s. From left to right: Dr. Ernst Stuhlinger, a member of the original German rocket team who directed the Research Projects Office, Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), Major General Holger Toftoy, who consolidated U.S. missile and rocketry development, Professor Herman Oberth, a rocket pioneer and Dr. von Braun's mentor, Dr. Wernher von Braun, Director, Development Operation Division, ABMA, and Dr. Robert Lusser, who served as assistant director for Reliability Engineering for ABMA. This photographis was taken February 1, 1956 by Hank Walker and appeared in February 27, 1956 issue of Life magazine.
Juno II Launch …
Name of Image Juno II Launch Vehicle
Date of Image 1958-01-01
Full Description The modified Jupiter C (sometimes called Juno I), used to launch Explorer I, had minimum payload lifting capabilities. Explorer I weighed slightly less than 31 pounds. Juno II was part of America's effort to increase payload lifting capabilities. Among other achievements, the vehicle successfully launched a Pioneer IV satellite on March 3, 1959, and an Explorer VII satellite on October 13, 1959. Responsibility for Juno II passed from the Army to the Marshall Space Flight Center when the Center was activated on July 1, 1960. On November 3, 1960, a Juno II sent Explorer VIII into a 1,000-mile deep orbit within the ionosphere.
Dr. von Braun S …
Name of Image Dr. von Braun Standing by Five F-1 Engines
Date of Image 2004-04-15
Full Description A pioneer of America's space program, Dr. von Braun stands by the five F-1 engines of the Saturn V launch vehicle. This Saturn V vehicle is an actual test vehicle which has been displayed at the U.S. Space Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Designed and developed by Rocketdyne under the direction of the Marshall Space Flight Center, a cluster of five F-1 engines was mounted on the Saturn V S-IC (first) stage. The engines measured 19-feet tall by 12.5-feet at the nozzle exit and burned 15 tons of liquid oxygen and kerosene each second to produce 7,500,000 pounds of thrust. The S-IC stage is the first stage, or booster, of a 364-foot long rocket that ultimately took astronauts to the Moon.
Official Portra …
Name of Image Official Portrait of Astronaut Frank Borman
Date of Image 1964-09-09
Full Description This is the official portrait of astronaut Frank Borman. A career Air Force officer from 1950, his assignments included service as a fighter pilot, an operational pilot and instructor, an experimental test pilot and an assistant professor of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics at West Point. When selected by NASA, Frank Borman was an instructor at the Aerospace Research Pilot School at Edwards AFB, California. In 1967 he served as a member of the Apollo 204 Fire Investigation Board, investigating the causes of the fire which killed three astronauts aboard an Apollo spacecraft. Later he became the Apollo Program Resident Manager, heading the team that reengineered the Apollo spacecraft. He also served as Field Director of the NASA Space Station Task Force. Frank Borman retired from the air Force in 1970, but is well remembered as a part of American history as a pioneer in the exploration of space. He is a veteran of both the Gemini 7, 1965 Space Orbital Rendezvous with Gemini 6 and the first manned lunar orbital mission, Apollo 8, in 1968.
Leon Van Speybr …
Name of Image Leon Van Speybroeck Wins Astrophysics Bruno Rossi Prize
Date of Image 2002-01-23
Full Description Leon Van Speybroeck of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge Massachusetts was awarded the 2002 Bruno Rossi Prize of the High-Energy Astrophysics Division of the American Astronomy Society. The Rossi Prize is an arnual recognition of significant contributions in high-energy astrophysics in honor of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's late Professor Bruno Rossi, an authority on cosmic ray physics and a pioneer in the field of x-ray astronomy. Van Speybroeck, who led the effort to design and make the x-ray mirrors for NASA's premier Chandra X-Ray Observatory, was recognized for a career of stellar achievements in designing precision x-ray optics. As Telescope Scientist for Chandra, he has worked for more than 20 years with a team that includes scientists and engineers from the Harvard-Smithsonian, NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, TRW, Inc., Huhes-Danbury (now B.F. Goodrich Aerospace), Optical Coating Laboratories, Inc., and Eastman-Kodak on all aspects of the x-ray mirror assembly that is the heart of the observatory.
Marshall Team R …
Name of Image Marshall Team Recreates Goddard Rocket
Date of Image 2003-07-01
Full Description In honor of the Centernial of Flight celebration and commissioned by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), a team of engineers from Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) built a replica of the first liquid-fueled rocket. The original rocket, designed and built by rocket engineering pioneer Robert H. Goddard in 1926, opened the door to modern rocketry. Goddard's rocket reached an altitude of 41 feet while its flight lasted only 2.5 seconds. The Marshall design team's plan was to stay as close as possible to an authentic reconstruction of Goddard's rocket. The same propellants were used - liquid oxygen and gasoline - as available during Goddard's initial testing and firing. The team also tried to construct the replica using the original materials and design to the greatest extent possible. By purposely using less advanced techniques and materials than many that are available today, the team encountered numerous technical challenges in testing the functional hardware. There were no original blueprints or drawings, only photographs and notes. However, this faithful adherence to historical accuracy has also allowed the team to experience many of the same challenges Goddard faced 77 years ago, and more fully appreciate the genius of this extraordinary man. The replica will undergo ground tests at MSFC this summer.
Venus - Compute …
PIA00271
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Radar
Title Venus - Computer Simulated Global View of the Northern Hemisphere
Original Caption Released with Image The northern hemisphere is displayed in this global view of the surface of Venus. The north pole is at the center of the image, with 0 degrees, 90 degrees, 180 degrees, 270 degrees east longitudes at the 6, 3, 12, and 9 o'clock positions, respectively, of an imaginary clock face. Magellan synthetic aperture radar mosaics from the three eight-month cycles of Magellan radar mapping are mapped onto a computer-simulated globe to create this image. Magellan obtained coverage of 98 percent of the surface of Venus. Remaining gaps are filled with data from previous missions, (the Soviet Venera 15 and 16 radar and Pioneer Venus Orbiter altimetry) and data from Earth-based radar observations from the Arecibo radio telescope. Simulated color is used to enhance small-scale structures. The simulated hues are based on color images recorded by the Venera 13 and 14 landing craft. Maxwell Montes, the planet's highest mountain at 11 kilometers (6.6 miles) above the average elevation, is the bright feature in the lower center of the image. Other terrain types visible in this image include tessera, ridge belts, lava flows, impact craters and coronae. The image was produced by the Solar System Visualization Project and the Magellan Science team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Multimission Image Processing Laboratory. The Magellan mission is managed by JPL for NASA's Office of Space Science.
Hubble Provides …
Title Hubble Provides Clear Images of Saturn's Aurora
General Information What is an American Astronomical Society Meeting release? A major news announcement issued at an American Astronomical Society meeting, the premier astronomy conference. Here is the picture of Saturn taken by the Hubble telescope in ultraviolet light. The glowing, swirling material at Saturn's poles is its auroral "curtains," rising more than a thousand miles above the cloud tops. Saturn's auroral displays are caused by an energetic wind from the Sun that sweeps over the planet, much like Earth's aurora, which is occasionally seen in the nighttime sky. The process that triggers these auroras is similar to the phenomenon that causes fluorescent lamps to glow.
Amelia Earhart
Title Amelia Earhart
Full Description Amelia Earhart standing in front of the Lockheed Electra in which she disappeared in July 1937. Born in Atchison, Kansas in 1897, Amelia Earhart did not begin flying until after her move to California in 1920. After taking lessons from aviation pioneer Neta Snook in a Curtiss Jenny, Earhart set out to break flying records, breaking the women altitude records in 1922. Earhart continually promoted women in aviation and in 1928 was invited to be the first women to fly across the Atlantic. Accompanying pilots Wilmer Stultz and Louis Gordon as a passenger on the Fokker Friendship, Earhart became an international celebrity after the completion of the flight. In May 1932 Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across in the Atlantic. In 1935 she completed the first solo flight from Hawaii to California. In the meantime Earhart continued to promote aviation and helped found the group, the Ninety-Nines, an organization dedicated to female aviators. On June 1, 1937, Earhart and navigator, Fred Noonan, left Miami, Florida on an around the world flight. Earhart, Noonan and their Lockheed Electra disappeared after a stop in Lae, New Guinea on June 29, 1937. Earhart had only 7,000 miles of her trip remaining when she disappeared. While a great deal of mystery surrounds the disappearance of Amelia Earhart, her contributions to aviation and womens issues have inspired people over 80 years.
Date UNKNOWN
NASA Center Headquarters
Jerrie Cobb Pos …
Title Jerrie Cobb Poses beside Mercury Capsule
Full Description Jerrie Cobb poses next to a Mercury spaceship capsule. Although she never flew in space, Cobb, along with twenty-four other women, underwent physical tests similar to those taken by the Mercury astronauts with the belief that she might become an astronaut trainee. All the women who participated in the program, known as First Lady Astronaut Trainees, were skilled pilots. Dr. Randy Lovelace, a NASA scientist who had conducted the official Mercury program physicals, administered the tests at his private clinic without official NASA sanction. Cobb passed all the training exercises, ranking in the top 2% of all astronaut candidates of both genders. While she was sworn in as a consultant to Administrator James Webb on the issue of women in space, mounting political pressure and internal opposition lead NASA to restrict its official astronaut training program to men despite campaigning by the thirteen finalists of the FLAT program. After three years, Cobb left NASA for the jungles of the Amazon, where she has spent four decades as a solo pilot delivering food, medicine, and other aid to the indigenous people. She has received the Amelia Earhart Medal, the Harmon Trophy, the Pioneer Woman Award, the Bishop Wright Air Industry Award, and many other decorations for her tireless years of humanitarian service.
Date UNKNOWN
NASA Center Headquarters
Von Braun's Whe …
Title Von Braun's Wheel
Explanation Orbiting 1,075 miles above the Earth, a 250 foot wide, inflated, reinforced nylon "wheel" was conceived in the early 1950s [ http://repos.msfc.nasa.gov/history/mm/sect005.html#Early Space Station Concepts ] to function as a navigational aid, meteorological station, military platform, and way station for space [ http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/station/welcome.html ] exploration by rocket pioneer Wernher von Braun [ http://repos.msfc.nasa.gov/history/mm/vonbio.html ]. The wheel shaped station could be easily rotated creating artificial gravity so that the astronauts would not suffer the effects of prolonged weightlessness. Von Braun and his team favored building a permanently occupied Earth orbiting space station [ http://issa-www.jsc.nasa.gov/ss/spacestation.html ] from which to stage a lunar exploration program [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950909.html ]. But in the 1960s NASA adopted the Apollo Program [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950921.html ], which called for astronauts to transfer to a lunar landing vehicle after achieving lunar orbit, bypassing the construction of von Braun's wheel.
AC79-9114-57
Pioneer Saturn …
8/2/79
Description Pioneer Saturn PMOC (Mission Control Center)
Date 8/2/79
AC79-9114-58
Pioneer Saturn …
8/2/79
Description Pioneer Saturn PMOC (Mission Control Center)
Date 8/2/79
AC83-0378-35
Pioneer Mission …
5/25/83
Description Pioneer Mission Control Center with personnel monitoring spacecraft (PMOC)
Date 5/25/83
AC83-0378-36
Pioneer Mission …
5/25/83
Description Pioneer Mission Control Center with personnel monitoring spacecraft (PMOC) including Dr Richard Fimmel
Date 5/25/83
AC83-0378-40
Pioneer Mission …
5/25/83
Description Pioneer Mission Control Center with personnel monitoring spacecraft (PMOC) includes Dr Richard Fimmel
Date 5/25/83
AC83-0378-41
Pioneer Mission …
5/25/83
Description Pioneer Mission Control Center with personnel monitoring spacecraft (PMOC) includes Dr Richard Fimmel
Date 5/25/83
AC85-0354-6
Photo by JPL Pi …
5/24/85
Description Photo by JPL Pioneer Galileo Probe Orbiter being tested at JPL (being inspected byAngelo "Gus" Gustaferro and John Vojvodich)
Date 5/24/85
AC96-0041-57
Pioneer Galileo …
12/29/96
Description Pioneer Galileo Probe Project press conference for separation of probe from spacecraft
Date 12/29/96
The Voyagers' M …
Title The Voyagers' Message in a Bottle
Explanation Launched thirty years ago [ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/index.html ], NASA's Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft are now respectively 15 and 12.5 billion kilometers from the Sun, equivalent to about 14 and 11.5 light-hours distant. Still functioning [ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ weekly-reports/index.htm ], the Voyagers are being tracked and commanded through the Deep Space Network [ http://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/ ]. Having traveled beyond the outer planets, they are only the third and fourth spacecraft from planet Earth to escape toward [ http://heavens-above.com/solar-escape.asp?/ ] interstellar space, following in the footsteps of Pioneer 10 and 11 [ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/ pioneer10-11.html ]. A 12-inch gold plated copper disk (a phonograph [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph_record ] record) containing recorded sounds and images representing human cultures and life on Earth, is affixed to each Voyager - a message in a bottle [ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/goldenrec.html ] cast into the cosmic sea. The recorded material was selected by a committee chaired by astronomer Carl Sagan [ http://www.carlsagan.com/ ]. Simple diagrams [ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/images/ VgrCover.jpg ] on the cover symbolically represent the spacecraft's origin and give instructions for playing the disk. The exotic construction of the disks should provide them with a long lifetime as they coast through interstellar space [ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ interstellar.html ].
Hubble Uncovers …
Title Hubble Uncovers Oldest "Clocks" in Space to Read Age of Universe
General Information What is a Space Science Update? Major Hubble discoveries on NASA television ... Astronomers explain their Hubble discoveries at a press conference, called a Space Science Update (SSU), broadcast on NASA television. The SSU includes a question and answer session with members of the media. Back to top [ #top ]
NASA Langley Op …
Title NASA Langley Open House 2001
Description Flight Research Hanger, building 1244: Aircraft on display included the B-757, T-34C, OV-10A, B-200, UH-1H, T-38A, SR-22, C-206H, Columbia 300, and the AGATE 1B. Aviatrix Elinor Smith was also at the hanger to sign autographs. In 1927 she was the youngest person to receive her pilot's license which was signed by Orville Wright. She knew many of the pioneer flyers such as Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, and Amelia Earhart.
Date 04.28.2001
NASA Langley Op …
Title NASA Langley Open House 2001
Description Flight Research Hanger, building 1244: Aircraft on display included the B-757, T-34C, OV-10A, B-200, UH-1H, T-38A, SR-22, C-206H, Columbia 300, and the AGATE 1B. Aviatrix Elinor Smith was also at the hanger to sign autographs. In 1927 she was the youngest person to receive her pilot's license which was signed by Orville Wright. She knew many of the pioneer flyers such as Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, and Amelia Earhart.
Date 04.28.2001
NASA Langley Op …
Title NASA Langley Open House 2001
Description Flight Research Hanger, building 1244: Aircraft on display included the B-757, T-34C, OV-10A, B-200, UH-1H, T-38A, SR-22, C-206H, Columbia 300, and the AGATE 1B. Aviatrix Elinor Smith was also at the hanger to sign autographs. In 1927 she was the youngest person to receive her pilot's license which was signed by Orville Wright. She knew many of the pioneer flyers such as Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, and Amelia Earhart.
Date 04.28.2001
NASA Langley Op …
Title NASA Langley Open House 2001
Description Flight Research Hanger, building 1244: Aircraft on display included the B-757, T-34C, OV-10A, B-200, UH-1H, T-38A, SR-22, C-206H, Columbia 300, and the AGATE 1B. Aviatrix Elinor Smith was also at the hanger to sign autographs. In 1927 she was the youngest person to receive her pilot's license which was signed by Orville Wright. She knew many of the pioneer flyers such as Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, and Amelia Earhart.
Date 04.28.2001
NASA Langley Op …
Title NASA Langley Open House 2001
Description Flight Research Hanger, building 1244: Aircraft on display included the B-757, T-34C, OV-10A, B-200, UH-1H, T-38A, SR-22, C-206H, Columbia 300, and the AGATE 1B. Aviatrix Elinor Smith was also at the hanger to sign autographs. In 1927 she was the youngest person to receive her pilot's license which was signed by Orville Wright. She knew many of the pioneer flyers such as Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, and Amelia Earhart.
Date 04.28.2001
NASA Langley Op …
Title NASA Langley Open House 2001
Description Flight Research Hanger, building 1244: Aircraft on display included the B-757, T-34C, OV-10A, B-200, UH-1H, T-38A, SR-22, C-206H, Columbia 300, and the AGATE 1B. Aviatrix Elinor Smith was also at the hanger to sign autographs. In 1927 she was the youngest person to receive her pilot's license which was signed by Orville Wright. She knew many of the pioneer flyers such as Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, and Amelia Earhart.
Date 04.28.2001
NASA Langley Op …
Title NASA Langley Open House 2001
Description Flight Research Hanger, building 1244: Aircraft on display included the B-757, T-34C, OV-10A, B-200, UH-1H, T-38A, SR-22, C-206H, Columbia 300, and the AGATE 1B. Aviatrix Elinor Smith was also at the hanger to sign autographs. In 1927 she was the youngest person to receive her pilot's license which was signed by Orville Wright. She knew many of the pioneer flyers such as Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, and Amelia Earhart.
Date 04.28.2001
NASA Langley Op …
Title NASA Langley Open House 2001
Description Flight Research Hanger, building 1244: Aircraft on display included the B-757, T-34C, OV-10A, B-200, UH-1H, T-38A, SR-22, C-206H, Columbia 300, and the AGATE 1B. Aviatrix Elinor Smith was also at the hanger to sign autographs. In 1927 she was the youngest person to receive her pilot's license which was signed by Orville Wright. She knew many of the pioneer flyers such as Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, and Amelia Earhart.
Date 04.28.2001
NASA Langley Op …
Title NASA Langley Open House 2001
Description Flight Research Hanger, building 1244: Aircraft on display included the B-757, T-34C, OV-10A, B-200, UH-1H, T-38A, SR-22, C-206H, Columbia 300, and the AGATE 1B. Aviatrix Elinor Smith was also at the hanger to sign autographs. In 1927 she was the youngest person to receive her pilot's license which was signed by Orville Wright. She knew many of the pioneer flyers such as Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, and Amelia Earhart.
Date 04.28.2001
NASA Langley Op …
Title NASA Langley Open House 2001
Description Flight Research Hanger, building 1244: Aircraft on display included the B-757, T-34C, OV-10A, B-200, UH-1H, T-38A, SR-22, C-206H, Columbia 300, and the AGATE 1B. Aviatrix Elinor Smith was also at the hanger to sign autographs. In 1927 she was the youngest person to receive her pilot's license which was signed by Orville Wright. She knew many of the pioneer flyers such as Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, and Amelia Earhart.
Date 04.28.2001
NASA Langley Op …
Title NASA Langley Open House 2001
Description Flight Research Hanger, building 1244: Aircraft on display included the B-757, T-34C, OV-10A, B-200, UH-1H, T-38A, SR-22, C-206H, Columbia 300, and the AGATE 1B. Aviatrix Elinor Smith was also at the hanger to sign autographs. In 1927 she was the youngest person to receive her pilot's license which was signed by Orville Wright. She knew many of the pioneer flyers such as Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, and Amelia Earhart.
Date 04.28.2001
NASA Langley Op …
Title NASA Langley Open House 2001
Description Flight Research Hanger, building 1244: Aircraft on display included the B-757, T-34C, OV-10A, B-200, UH-1H, T-38A, SR-22, C-206H, Columbia 300, and the AGATE 1B. Aviatrix Elinor Smith was also at the hanger to sign autographs. In 1927 she was the youngest person to receive her pilot's license which was signed by Orville Wright. She knew many of the pioneer flyers such as Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, and Amelia Earhart.
Date 04.28.2001
NASA Langley Op …
Title NASA Langley Open House 2001
Description Flight Research Hanger, building 1244: Aircraft on display included the B-757, T-34C, OV-10A, B-200, UH-1H, T-38A, SR-22, C-206H, Columbia 300, and the AGATE 1B. Aviatrix Elinor Smith was also at the hanger to sign autographs. In 1927 she was the youngest person to receive her pilot's license which was signed by Orville Wright. She knew many of the pioneer flyers such as Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, and Amelia Earhart.
Date 04.28.2001
Visual aid titl …
Title Visual aid titled "The Magellan Mission to Venus
Description Visual aid titled "The Magellan Mission to Venus" describes data that will be collected and science objectives. Images and brightness temperatures will be obtained for 70-90% of the surface, with a radar resolution of 360 meters or better. The global gravity field model will be refined by combining Magellan and Pioneer-Venus doppler data. Altimetry data will be used to measure the topography of 70-90% of the surface with a vertical accuracy of 120-360 meters. Science objectives include: to improve the knowledge of the geological history of Venus by analysis of the surface morphology and electrical properties and the processes that control them, and to improve the knowledge of the geophysics of Venus, principally its density distribution and dynamics. Magellan, named for the 16th century Portuguese explorer, will be deployed from the payload bay (PLB) of Atlantis, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 104, during mission STS-30.
Date 04.27.1988
Venus - Compari …
Title Venus - Comparison of Initial Magellan Radar Test and Data Acquired in 4/91
Description This image compares Magellan data acquired in August 1990 during the initial test of the radar system (black and white insets) with data acquired by the spacecraft in April 1991 (color background). The area is in the southern hemisphere of Venus, and represents an area about 540 kilometers (330 miles) on a side, centered on latitude 35 degrees south and longitude 294 degrees east. The Magellan radar illuminates the surface from the left. The northern and eastern parts of the area consist of plains which appear moderately dark to dark on the radar image because they are relatively smooth at a scale comparable to the wavelength of the radar, 12.5 centimeters (about 5 inches). The bright terrain in the southwestern part of the image is about 500 to 700 meters (1640 to 2300 feet) higher than the plains, it is characterized by abundant faults and fractures, which appear as straight to gently curved bright lines. Many of these linear features are large enough to infer that they are grabens, which are troughs bounded on both sides by faults. However, many of them are too narrow to determine if they are faults or simply fractures that have roughened the surface. This elevated faulted and fractured region is part of a large east-west elongated ridge mapped by the Pioneer Venus radar altimeter, the portion shown here is about midway between Themis Regio and Tefnut Mons. The plains are probably underlain by volcanic lavas. The various shades indicate that minor differences in surface roughness are present, and these may be used to map out the distribution of different lavas. The small, bright patches on the plains represent places where the lava surfaces are relatively rough. Just left of the center of the image is a sharply defined volcanic crater about 15 kilometers (9 miles) in diameter. Immediately north of this crater are numerous round spots about 204 kilometers (102 miles) across that are small volcanic domes.
Date 04.28.1991
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