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Search Results: All Fields similar to 'Sun or Mercury or Venus or Mars or Jupiter or Saturn or Or or Uranus or Neptune or Pluto'

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Solar System Montage
Title Solar System Montage
Full Description This is a montage of planetary images taken by spacecraft managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, CA. Included are (from top to bottom) images of Mercury, Venus, Earth (and Moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The spacecraft responsible for these images are as follows: the Mercury image was taken by Mariner 10, the Venus image by Magellan, the Earth image by Galileo, the Mars image by Viking, and the Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune images by Voyager. Pluto is not shown as no spacecraft has yet visited it. The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon, and Mars) are roughly to scale to each other, the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are roughly to scale to each other. Actual diameters are given below: Sun 1,390,000 km Mercury 4,879 km Venus 12,104 km Earth 12,756 km Moon 3,475 km Mars 6,794 km Jupiter 142.984 km Saturn 120,536 km Uranus 51,118 km Neptune 49,528 km Pluto 2,390 km
Date 04/09/1999
NASA Center Jet Propulsion Laboratory
All Planet Sizes
title All Planet Sizes
description This illustration shows the approximate sizes of the planets relative to each other. Outward from the Sun, the planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Jupiter's diameter is about 11 times that of the Earth's and the Sun's diameter is about 10 times Jupiter's. Pluto's diameter is slightly less than one-fifth of Earth's. The planets are not shown at the appropriate distance from the Sun. *Image Credit*: Lunar and Planetary Laboratory
Solar System Portrait - View …
PIA00453
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem - …
Title Solar System Portrait - Views of 6 Planets
Original Caption Released with Image These six narrow-angle color images were made from the first ever 'portrait' of the solar system taken by Voyager 1, which was more than 4 billion miles from Earth and about 32 degrees above the ecliptic. The spacecraft acquired a total of 60 frames for a mosaic of the solar system which shows six of the planets. Mercury is too close to the sun to be seen. Mars was not detectable by the Voyager cameras due to scattered sunlight in the optics, and Pluto was not included in the mosaic because of its small size and distance from the sun. These blown-up images, left to right and top to bottom are Venus, Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. The background features in the images are artifacts resulting from the magnification. The images were taken through three color filters -- violet, blue and green -- and recombined to produce the color images. Jupiter and Saturn were resolved by the camera but Uranus and Neptune appear larger than they really are because of image smear due to spacecraft motion during the long (15 second) exposure times. Earth appears to be in a band of light because it coincidentally lies right in the center of the scattered light rays resulting from taking the image so close to the sun. Earth was a crescent only 0.12 pixels in size. Venus was 0.11 pixel in diameter. The planetary images were taken with the narrow-angle camera (1500 mm focal length).
Solar System Family Portrait
title Solar System Family Portrait
description These six narrow-angle color images were made from the first ever 'portrait' of the solar system taken by Voyager 1, which was more than 4 billion miles from Earth and about 32 degrees above the ecliptic. The spacecraft acquired a total of 60 frames for a mosaic of the solar system which shows six of the planets. Mercury is too close to the sun to be seen. Mars was not detectable by the Voyager cameras due to scattered sunlight in the optics, and Pluto was not included in the mosaic because of its small size and distance from the sun. These blown-up images, left to right and top to bottom are Venus, Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. The background features in the images are artifacts resulting from the magnification. The images were taken through three color filters -- violet, blue and green -- and recombined to produce the color images. Jupiter and Saturn were resolved by the camera but Uranus and Neptune appear larger than they really are because of image smear due to spacecraft motion during the long (15 second) exposure times. Earth appears to be in a band of light because it coincidentally lies right in the center of the scattered light rays resulting from taking the image so close to the sun. Earth was a crescent only 0.12 pixels in size. Venus was 0.11 pixel in diameter. The planetary images were taken with the narrow-angle camera (1500 mm focal length). *Image Note*: This 'Portrait' contains 18 frames taken through the Narrow Angle camera using the Violet, Blue, and Green Filters. The label information describes only 3 of these frames. *Image Credit*: NASA
Solar System Montage
Title Solar System Montage
Description This is a montage of planetary images taken by spacecraft managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, CA. Included are (from top to bottom) images of Mercury, Venus, Earth (and Moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The spacecraft responsible for these images are as follows: the Mercury image was taken by Mariner 10, the Venus image by Magellan, the Earth image by Galileo, the Mars image by Viking, and the Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune images by Voyager.
Date 02.01.1996
Eight Planets and New Solar …
Title Eight Planets and New Solar System Designations
Explanation How many planets are in the Solar System? This popular question now has a new formal answer according the International Astronomical Union [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union ] (IAU): eight. Last week, the IAU voted [ http://www.iau2006.org/mirror/www.iau.org/iau0603/index.html ] on a new definition for planet [ http://www.iau2006.org/mirror/www.iau.org/iau0603/index.html ] and Pluto [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap010319.html ] did not make the cut. Rather, Pluto was re-classified as a dwarf planet [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_planet ] and is considered as a prototype for a new category of trans-Neptunian objects [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object ]. The eight planets now recognized by the IAU are: Mercury [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040912.html ], Venus [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040516.html ], Earth [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap050102.html ], Mars [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap060730.html ], Jupiter [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap050911.html ], Saturn [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap041225.html ], Uranus [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap010826.html ], and Neptune [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap010821.html ]. Solar System objects now classified as dwarf planets are: Ceres [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap060821.html ], Pluto [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap060624.html ], and the currently unnamed 2003 UB313 [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap060207.html ]. Planets, by the new IAU definition, must be in orbit around the sun, be nearly spherical, and must have cleared the neighborhood around their orbits. The demotion of Pluto [ http://www.nineplanets.org/pluto.html ] to dwarf planet status is a source of continuing dissent [ http://www.badastronomy.com/bablog/2006/08/18/colbert-takes-neil-tyson-down/ ] and controversy [ http://newswire.ascribe.org/cgi-bin/behold.pl?ascribeid=20060818.063045&time=07%2006%20PDT&year=2006&public=0 ] in the astronomical community.
Solar System Portrait
Title Solar System Portrait
Explanation On another Valentine's Day [ http://www.poets.org/poems/poems.cfm?prmID=1166 ] (February 14, 1990), cruising four billion miles from the Sun, the Voyager 1 [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap031120.html ] spacecraft looked back to make this first ever family portrait [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/ PIAGenCatalogPage.pl?PIA00451 ] of our Solar System. The complete portrait is a 60 frame mosaic [ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/ photogallery-solarsystem.html ] made from a vantage point 32 degrees above the ecliptic plane [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap001014.html ]. Voyager's wide angle camera frames sweep through the inner Solar System (far left) linking up with gas giant Neptune, at the time the Solar System's [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/overview.html ] outermost planet (scroll right). Positions [ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/solar_system/ family_diagram.jpg ] for Venus, Earth [ http://www.seds.org/billa/psc/pbd.html ], Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are indicated by the corresponding letters while the Sun is the bright spot near the center of the circle of frames. The inset frames [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap980517.html ] for each of the planets are from Voyager's narrow field camera. Unseen in the portrait are Mercury [ http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Jan97/Mercury Unveiled.html ], too close to the Sun to be detected, and Mars, unfortunately hidden by sunlight scattered in the camera's optical system. Small, faint Pluto's [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap011018.html ] position was not covered.
A Sky Full Of Planets
Title A Sky Full Of Planets
Explanation Look up tonight [ http://www.cnn.com/TECH/9712/01/heavenly.show.ap/ ]. Just after sunset, the crescent moon and all five "naked-eye" planets (Mercury [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap971130.html ], Venus [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap971014.html ], Mars [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970528.html ], Jupiter [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap971030.html ], and Saturn [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970829.html ]) will be visible (depending on your latitude), lying near our solar system's ecliptic plane [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970927.html ]. Venus and Jupiter will shine brilliantly as the brightest "stars" in the sky, but Mercury will be near the horizon and hard to see. A pair of binoculars will also reveal Uranus and Neptune and observers with a telescope and a good site may even be able to glimpse faint Pluto just above the Western horizon in the fading twilight (not shown on the chart above). Enjoy this lovely spectacle any clear night [ http://www.skypub.com/whatsup/dec97sky.html ] through about December 8. A similar gathering is expected in May 2000 [ http://www.skypub.com/special/alignmnt/whypanic.html ] but the planets will be hidden from view by the solar glare. A night sky as full of planets as this one will occur again though ... in about 100 years.
Moons of the Solar System
title Moons of the Solar System
description All the planetary moons in our solar system are shown here at their correct relative size and true color. Their diversity of size and appearance is testament to the unique and fascinating geologic history that each of these bodies has undergone. Two of the moons are larger than the planet Mercury, and eight of them are larger than Pluto. Earth's Moon is the fifth largest of the set, with a diameter of 3476 kilometers (2160 miles). Most of the moons are thought to have formed from a disk of debris left over from formation of the planet they orbit. However Triton, Neptune's largest moon, and several of the smallest moons, including the moons of Mars, are thought to be captured planetesimals that formed elsewhere in the solar system. Earth's Moon is thought to have formed from the debris ejected from a roughly Mars-sized object colliding with the early Earth, perhaps a unique event in the history of the solar system. The moons are organized on the diagram by the planet they orbit (top to bottom with increasing distance from the Sun) and their position relative to the planet (left to right with increasing distance from the planet). Below is a listing of the names of all the moons and the planets they orbit. Most moons are named for mythological characters associated with the character the planet is named for. While most of the planets are named for Roman characters (with the exceptions of Pluto and Uranus), most of the moon have names from Greek mythology. For example, Phobos and Deimos are the sons of Ares, the Greek version of Mars. Jupiter?s moons are all named for lovers and other close associates of Zeus (Jupiter). Saturn?s moons are named for Titans, the race that included Cronos (Saturn), Zeus? father. Neptune?s moons are named for mythological characters associated with water, and Charon was the ferryman of the dead who brought people to Pluto?s realm. By tradition, the discoverer of a moon gets to name it (now subject to approval by the International Astronomical Union). The son of the discoverer of the first two moons of Uranus (Sir William Herschel) decided to name Uranus? moons not for mythological characters, but instead for the king and queen of fairies in Shakespear?s A Midsummer Night?s Dream . This began a tradition whereby all uranian satellites are named for fairy characters in English drama. To read more about the names of the planets and their satellites, go to the U.S. Geological Survey?s nomenclature guide at http://wwwflag.wr.usgs.gov/USGSFlag/Space/nomen/append7.html . *Earth* Moon *Mars * Phobos, Deimos *Jupiter* Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea, Thebe, Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Leda, Himalia, Lysithea, Elara, Ananke, Carme, Pasiphae, Sinope *Saturn * Pan, Atlas, Prometheus, Pandora, Epimetheus, Janus, Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Calypso, Telesto, Dione, Helene, Rhea, Titan, Hyperion, Iapetus, Phoebe *Uranus * Cordelia, Ophelia, Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Belinda, Puck, Miranda,, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon *Neptune* Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, Galatea, Larissa, Proteus, Triton, Nereid *Pluto * Charon *Image Credit*: Image processing by Tim Parker (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) and Paul Schenk and Robert Herrick (Lunar and Planetary Institute), based on NASA images.
The New Solar System
PIA02973
Title The New Solar System
Original Caption Released with Image This solar-system montage of the nine planets and 4 large moons of Jupiter in our solar system are set against a false-color view of the Rosette Nebula. The light emitted from the Rosette Nebula results from the presence of hydrogen (red), oxygen (green) and sulfur (blue). Most of the planetary images in this montage were obtained by NASA's planetary missions, which have dramatically changed our understanding of the solar system in the past 30 years. The following lists the mission and link for additional information on each object and image.Mercury/Mariner 10 [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA02418 ]Venus/Galileo [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00072 ]Earth/Galileo [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00728 ]Moon/Lunar Orbiter [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00094 ]Mars/Viking Orbiter 1 & 2 [ http://wwwflag.wr.usgs.gov/USGSFlag/Space/wall/mars/hemisph.html ]Jupiter/Voyager 1 [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01509 ]Io/Galileo [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA02309 ]Europa/Galileo [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00502 ]Ganymede/Galileo [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01666 ]Callisto/Galileo [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01298 ]Saturn/Voyager 1 [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01383 ]Uranus/Voyager 2 [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00032 ]Neptune/Voyager 2 [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA02210 ]Pluto/Hubble Space Telescope [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00827 ]Rosette Nebula/Kitt Peak [ http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0557.html ]
Planet Temperatures
title Planet Temperatures
description In general, the surface temperature of the planets decreases with increasing distance from the Sun. Venus is an exception because its dense atmosphere acts as a greenhouse and heats the surface to above the melting point of lead (3280C). Mercury rotates slowly and has a thin atmosphere, and consequently, the nightside temperature can be more than 5000C lower than the dayside temperature shown on the diagram. Temperatures for the gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are shown at a level in the atmosphere equal in pressure to sea level on Earth. Temperatures are in both Fahrenheit and Celsius, and the planets are not shown to scale. *Image Credit*: Lunar and Planetary Institute
A Solar System Portrait
Title A Solar System Portrait
Explanation As the Voyager 1 spacecraft [ http://vraptor.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/vgrfaqs.html ] headed out of our Solar System [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap980517.html ], it looked back and took a parting family portrait [ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-solarsystem.html ] of the Sun [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/sol.html ] and planets. From beyond Pluto [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap990213.html ], our Solar System looks like a bright star surrounded by faint dots. In the above picture [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/PIAGenCatalogPage.pl?PIA00451 ], the Sun is so bright it is blocked out for contrast. The innermost dots visible, labeled E and V for Earth [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap990131.html ] and Venus [ http://www.nasm.edu/ceps/RPIF/VENUS/rpifvenus.html ], are particularly hard to discern. Gas giants Jupiter [ http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/Jovian.html ] (J) and Saturn [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/saturn.html ] (S) are much more noticeable. The outermost planets visible are Uranus [ http://www.hawastsoc.org/solar/eng/uranus.htm ] (U) and Neptune [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap980221.html ] (N). Each planet is shown labeled and digitally enhanced in an inset image. Voyager 1 is only one of four human-made objects to leave our Solar System, the other three being Voyager 2, and Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11.
Uranus: The Tilted Planet
Title Uranus: The Tilted Planet
Explanation Uranus is the third largest planet in our Solar System [ http://www.nineplanets.org/overview.html ] after Jupiter [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/jupiter.html ] and Saturn [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap010826.html http://www.solarviews.com/eng/saturn.htm ]. Uranus [ http://www.nineplanets.org/uranus.html ] is composed mostly of rock and ices, but with a thick hydrogen [ http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/h.html ] and helium [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap010120.html ] atmosphere. The blue hue of Uranus' atmosphere arises from the small amount of methane [ http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/methane/methane.html ] which preferentially absorbs red light. This picture [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/PIAGenCatalogPage.pl?PIA01360 ] was snapped by the Voyager 2 spacecraft [ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/voyager.html ] in 1986 - the only spacecraft ever to visit Uranus. Uranus [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/uranus.html ] has many moons [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap990531.html ] and a ring system [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap971126.html ]. Uranus, like Venus [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/venus.html ], has a rotation axis that is greatly tilted and sometimes points near the Sun. It remains an astronomical mystery why Uranus' axis [ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1991LPIP...22...59S ] is so tilted. Uranus and Neptune [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/neptune.html ] are quite similar: Uranus is slightly larger but less massive.
First ESA Faint Object Camer …
Title First ESA Faint Object Camera Science Images Pluto - the "Double Planet
Solar System Portrait - 60 F …
Title Solar System Portrait - 60 Frame Mosaic
Description The cameras of Voyager 1 on Feb. 14, 1990, pointed back toward the sun and took a series of pictures of the sun and the planets, making the first ever "portrait" of our solar system as seen from the outside. In the course of taking this mosaic consisting of a total of 60 frames, Voyager 1 made several images of the inner solar system from a distance of approximately 4 billion miles and about 32 degrees above the ecliptic plane. Thirty-nine wide angle frames link together six of the planets of our solar system in this mosaic. Outermost Neptune is 30 times further from the sun than Earth. Our sun is seen as the bright object in the center of the circle of frames. The wide-angle image of the sun was taken with the camera's darkest filter (a methane absorption band) and the shortest possible exposure (5 thousandths of a second) to avoid saturating the camera's vidicon tube with scattered sunlight. The sun is not large as seen from Voyager, only about one-fortieth of the diameter as seen from Earth, but is still almost 8 million times brighter than the brightest star in Earth's sky, Sirius. The result of this great brightness is an image with multiple reflections from the optics in the camera. Wide-angle images surrounding the sun also show many artifacts attributable to scattered light in the optics. These were taken through the clear filter with one second exposures. The insets show the planets magnified many times. Narrow-angle images of Earth, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune were acquired as the spacecraft built the wide-angle mosaic. Jupiter is larger than a narrow-angle pixel and is clearly resolved, as is Saturn with its rings. Uranus and Neptune appear larger than they really are because of image smear due to spacecraft motion during the long (15 second) exposures. From Voyager's great distance Earth and Venus are mere points of light, less than the size of a picture element even in the narrow-angle camera. Earth was a crescent only 0.12 pixel in size. Coincidentally, Earth lies right in the center of one of the scattered light rays resulting from taking the image so close to the sun.
Date 06.06.1990
Solar System Portrait - 60 F …
PIA00451
Imaging Science Subsystem - …
Title Solar System Portrait - 60 Frame Mosaic
Original Caption Released with Image The cameras of Voyager 1 on Feb. 14, 1990, pointed back toward the sun and took a series of pictures of the sun and the planets, making the first ever "portrait" of our solar system as seen from the outside. In the course of taking this mosaic consisting of a total of 60 frames, Voyager 1 made several images of the inner solar system from a distance of approximately 4 billion miles and about 32 degrees above the ecliptic plane. Thirty-nine wide angle frames link together six of the planets of our solar system in this mosaic. Outermost Neptune is 30 times further from the sun than Earth. Our sun is seen as the bright object in the center of the circle of frames. The wide-angle image of the sun was taken with the camera's darkest filter (a methane absorption band) and the shortest possible exposure (5 thousandths of a second) to avoid saturating the camera's vidicon tube with scattered sunlight. The sun is not large as seen from Voyager, only about one-fortieth of the diameter as seen from Earth, but is still almost 8 million times brighter than the brightest star in Earth's sky, Sirius. The result of this great brightness is an image with multiple reflections from the optics in the camera. Wide-angle images surrounding the sun also show many artifacts attributable to scattered light in the optics. These were taken through the clear filter with one second exposures. The insets show the planets magnified many times. Narrow-angle images of Earth, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune were acquired as the spacecraft built the wide-angle mosaic. Jupiter is larger than a narrow-angle pixel and is clearly resolved, as is Saturn with its rings. Uranus and Neptune appear larger than they really are because of image smear due to spacecraft motion during the long (15 second) exposures. From Voyager's great distance Earth and Venus are mere points of light, less than the size of a picture element even in the narrow-angle camera. Earth was a crescent only 0.12 pixel in size. Coincidentally, Earth lies right in the center of one of the scattered light rays resulting from taking the image so close to the sun.
An Auroral Ring on Jupiter
Title An Auroral Ring on Jupiter
Explanation Do other planets have aurora? Terrestrial [ http://work.ucsd.edu:5141/cgi-bin/http_webster?terrestrial ] and spacecraft observations have found evidence for aurora on Venus [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/venus.html ], Mars [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970609.html http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/mars.html ], Jupiter [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/jupiter.html ], Saturn [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/saturn.html ], Uranus [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/uranus.html ], and Neptune [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/neptune.html ]. In the above false-color photograph [ http://galileo.ivv.nasa.gov/callisto/043097.html ], a good portion of an auroral ring [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970609.html http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1996BAAS%2E%2E%2E28%2E2123P&db_key=AST&nosetcookie=1 ] was captured recently in optical light by the Galileo spacecraft [ http://galileo.ivv.nasa.gov/spacecraft.html ] in orbit around Jupiter [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970609.html http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/cossc/apod_search?jupiter ]. Auroral rings [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970609.html http://www.geo.mtu.edu/weather/aurora/ ] encircle a planet's magnetic pole, and result from charged particles spiraling down magnetic field lines. Although the surroundings near Jupiter [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap960803.html ] are much different than Earth [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap961230.html ], the auroral rings [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970402.html ] appear similar.
Uranus - Final Image
PIA00143
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem - …
Title Uranus - Final Image
Original Caption Released with Image This view of Uranus was recorded by Voyager 2 on Jan 25, 1986, as the spacecraft left the planet behind and set forth on the cruise to Neptune Voyager was 1 million kilometers (about 600,000 miles) from Uranus when it acquired this wide-angle view. The picture -- a color composite of blue, green and orange frames -- has a resolution of 140 km (90 mi). The thin crescent of Uranus is seen here at an angle of 153 degrees between the spacecraft, the planet and the Sun. Even at this extreme angle, Uranus retains the pale blue-green color seen by ground-based astronomers and recorded by Voyager during its historic encounter. This color results from the presence of methane in Uranus' atmosphere, the gas absorbs red wavelengths of light, leaving the predominant hue seen here. The tendency for the crescent to become white at the extreme edge is caused by the presence of a high-altitude haze Voyager 2 -- having encountered Jupiter in 1979, Saturn in 1981 and Uranus in 1986 -- will proceed on its journey to Neptune. Closest approach is scheduled for Aug 24, 1989. The Voyager project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Description Here on the Gallery page you can find the very latest images, videos and products from the Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn, including the spectacular launch, spacecraft assembly and the exciting trip to Saturn.
Full Description This 1981 Voyager 2 image shows the vast Saturn ring system, as well as three small icy satellites and the shadow of a fourth. Saturn is the second largest planet in the Solar System. It has a volume about 760 times that of Earth. Like Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune, it has no solid surface, but is instead an enormous sphere of gas which gradually compresses into fluid at great depths beneath the clouds. Most of the visible markings are formed in a layer of ammonia ice clouds, which form at a pressure level in Saturn's atmosphere that is comparable to sea-level atmospheric pressure on Earth. Above those clouds, Saturn's atmosphere, like those of the Sun and the other three gas giant planets, is composed almost exclusively of hydrogen and helium. By contrast, Saturn's rings and icy satellites appear to be composed primarily of water ice. Image reprocessed by USGS. (P-43538)
Lightning on Jupiter
Title Lightning on Jupiter
Explanation Does lightning occur only on Earth? Spacecraft in our Solar System have detected radio signals consistent with lightning [ http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/lisotd.html ] on other planets, including Venus [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/venus.html ], Jupiter [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/jupiter.html ], Saturn [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/saturn.html ], Uranus [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/uranus.html ], and Neptune [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/neptune.html ]. In the above photograph [ http://galileo.ivv.nasa.gov/callisto/050197.html ], optical flashes from Jupiter [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970109.html ] were photographed recently by the Galileo orbiter [ http://galileo.ivv.nasa.gov/mission.html ]. Each of the circled dots indicates lightning [ http://www.nofc.forestry.ca/~kanderso/ltgfaq.html ]. The numbers label lines of latitude [ http://www.met.fsu.edu/explores/latlon.html ]. The size of the largest spot is about 500 kilometers across and might be high clouds illuminated by several bright lightning strokes.
August 2006: View of the Pla …
Description August 2006: View of the Planets
Full Description Just before the eastern sky brightens with sunrise, three planets and the waning crescent moon join the starry twilight tapestry. Then, as the bright stars of Gemini and Orion fade with oncoming dawn, the planets rise and shine. About 45 minutes before sunrise on Aug. 20 to 22 the planets Venus, Mercury and Saturn dance on the ecliptic -- the plane of Earth's orbit and the imaginary line tracing it in the sky. The sun, moon and planets appear to move along this line. Venus, rising an hour and a half before sunrise, is the easiest to see in the morning sky. Two hundred forty-one million kilometers (150 million miles) distant, Venus is Earth-sized. Mercury, at a distance of 183 million kilometers (114 million miles), is the fastest and smallest of the inner planets and appears brighter than the more distant Saturn. Saturn, 1,517 million kilometers (943 million miles) distant, was at conjunction with the sun just two weeks ago and now rises nearly an hour before sunrise. On Aug. 26 and 27, Saturn pairs with much brighter Venus at dawn. What other planets can we see in late August? Mars sets 45 minutes after sunset by month's end but is lost from view in the twilight, while brilliant Jupiter remains prominent as the only planet visible for a few hours during the late August evenings. Credit: NASA/JPL
Date August 18, 2006
Orbit of Sedna
Title Orbit of Sedna
Description This animation shows the location of the newly discovered planet-like object, dubbed "Sedna," in relation to the rest of the Solar System. Starting at the inner Solar System, which includes the orbits of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars (all in yellow), the view pulls away through the asteroid belt and the orbits of the outer planets beyond (green). Pluto and the distant Kuiper Belt objects are seen next until finally Sedna comes into view. As the field widens the full orbit of Sedna can be seen along with its current location. Sedna is nearing its closest approach to the Sun, its 10,000-year orbit typically takes it to far greater distances. Moving past Sedna, what was previously thought to be the inner edge of the Oort cloud appears. The Oort cloud is a spherical distribution of cold, icy bodies lying at the limits of the Sun's gravitational pull. Sedna's presence suggests that this Oort cloud is much closer than scientists believed.
AC86-7042
Photographer : JPL Range : 1 …
1/24/86
Description Photographer : JPL Range : 1 illion km. ( 600,000 mi. ) Resolution : 140 km. ( 90 mi. ) P-29539C This Voyager 2 image of Uranus was captured as the spacecraft was leaving Uranus behind on its cruise to Neptune. The image is a color composite of three photographs taken through blue, grren, and orange filters. Thin thin crecent seen here is at an angle of 153 degrees between the the spacecraft, the planet, and the sun. Even at this extreme angle, uranus retains the pale blue-green color seen by the ground based astronomers and recorded by Voyager 2 during its historic encounter, this color results from the presence of methane in Uranus' atmosphere. The gas absorbs red wavelengths of light, leaving the predominant hue seen here. The tendency for the cresent to become white at the extreme edge is cased by the presence of a high-altitude haze. Voyager 2, having encountered Jupiter in 1979, Saturn in 1981, and Uranus in 1986, will proceed on its jouney to Neptune. Closest approach is scheduled for August 24, 1989.
Date 1/24/86
A Jupiter-Venus Conjunction
Title A Jupiter-Venus Conjunction
Explanation Venus [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/venus.html ] and Jupiter [ http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/welcome/jupiter.htm ] appeared unusually close together in the sky last month. The conjunction was easily visible to the unaided eye because Venus [ http://www.aspsky.org/html/tnl/18/18.html ] appears brighter than any background star. The two planets were not significantly closer in space - Venus just passed nearly in front of Jupiter as seen from the Earth [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap990131.html ]. Visible in the above photograph [ http://www.psiaz.com/polakis/conj0299/conj0299.html ] are actually five planets. The faint dot near the top is Saturn [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/saturn.html ]. Venus is the brightest spot near the center, and Jupiter [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/jupiter.html ] is just above it. Perhaps the hardest to see is Mercury [ http://stardate.utexas.edu/resources/ssguide/mercury.html ], visible below Venus but above the foreground Earth [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap980904.html ]. A single line nearly connects all the planets [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap980825.html ], a result of all planets orbiting the Sun [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/sol.html ] in a single plane called the ecliptic [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970927.html ].
S-1 C & BW -62
Voyager 1 looked back at Sat …
12/4/80
Date 12/4/80
Description Voyager 1 looked back at Saturn on Nov. 16, 1980, four days after the spacecraft flew past the planet, to observe the appearance of Saturn and its rings from this unique perspective. A few of the spokelike ring features discovered by Voyager appear in the rings as bright patches in this image, taken at a distance of 5.3 million kilometers (3.3 million miles) from the planet. Saturn's shadow falls upon the rings, and the bright Saturn crescent is seen through all but the densest portion of the rings. From Saturn, Voyager 1 is on a trajectory taking the spacecraft out of the ecliptic plane, away from the Sun and eventually out of the solar system (by about 1990). Although its mission to Jupiter and Saturn is nearly over (the Saturn encounter ends Dec. 18, 1980), Voyager 1 will be tracked by the Deep Space Network as far as possible in an effort to determine where the influence of the Sun ends and interstellar space begins. Voyager 1's flight path through interstellar space is in the direction of the constellation Ophiuchus. Voyager 2 will reach Saturn on August 25, 1981, and is targeted to encounter Uranus in 1986 and possibly Neptune in 1989. The Voyager project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California. #####
Neptune: Big Blue Giant
Title Neptune: Big Blue Giant
Explanation This picture was taken by the Voyager 2 [ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/voyager.html ] spacecraft in 1986 - the only spacecraft ever to visit Neptune. Neptune [ http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/neptune.html ] will be the farthest planet from the Sun [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950813.html ] until 1999, when the elliptical orbit of Pluto will cause it to once again resume this status. Neptune [ http://www.c3.lanl.gov/~cjhamil/SolarSystem/neptune.html ], like Uranus [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950816.html ], is composed mostly of liquid water, methane and ammonia, is surrounded by a thick gas atmosphere of mostly hydrogen and helium, and has many moons and rings. Neptune [ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-neptune.html ]'s moon Triton [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950805.html ] is unlike any other and has active volcanoes. The nature of Triton [ http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/triton.html ]'s unusual orbit around Neptune is the focus of much discussion and speculation. Tomorrow's picture: Pluto: The Frozen Planet
Neptune
PIA02205
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem - …
Title Neptune
Original Caption Released with Image This image of the planet Neptune was taken by the Voyager 2spacecraft on January 23, 1989, about seven months before its scheduled August 25 encounter. The spacecraft was 310 million kilometers (192 million miles) from the planet, looking from 34 degrees south of Neptune's equator through the "clear" filter. Similar images from Earth-based telescopes had shown a featureless disk, through red filters, chosen to mark methane gas, revealed irregular-shaped features associated with high-altitude hazes. The Voyager data reveal cloud structure at lower altitudes where the circulation is apparently arranged in parallel east-west bands, as is the case on Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus. In the original image, the bright bands are about 10 percent brighter than the dark band circling the South pole. This is about the same contrast shown by Saturn, and ten times more than Uranus. The brightening and sawtooth edge around the right side are artifacts of the data processing. The Voyager project is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the NASA Office of Space Science and Applications.
Jupiter Flyby
title Jupiter Flyby
description Although the main mission of the New Horizons spacecraft is to explore the Pluto system and the Kuiper Belt of icy objects, it will first fly by the solar system's largest planet, Jupiter, in 2007 - a little over a year after the planned launch date. In this artist's rendering, New Horizons is just past its closest approach to the planet. Near the Sun are Earth, Venus and Mercury. The dim crescent shape at the upper right of the Sun is Callisto, the outermost of Jupiter's four largest moons. Just left of Jupiter is Europa. *Image Credit*: Southwest Research Institute (Dan Durda)/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (Ken Moscati)
Planets In The Sun
Title Planets In The Sun
Explanation Today [ http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast02may_1.htm ], all five naked-eye planets [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/ ] (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn) plus the Moon and the Sun [ http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/ sun.html ] will at least approximately line-up. As viewed [ http://drumright.ossm.edu/astronomy/conjunctions.html ] from planet Earth, they will be clustered within about 26 degrees, the closest alignment for all these celestial bodies [ http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ ast30mar_1m.htm#alignments ] since February 1962, when there was a solar eclipse [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap990818.html ]! Such planetary alignments [ http://www.griffithobs.org/SkyAlignments.html ] are not dangerous, except of course that the Sun might hurt your eyes when you look at it [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap981212.html ]. So it might be easier [ http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/hotshots/ ] to appreciate today's solar system [ http://space.jpl.nasa.gov/ ] spectacle if
Charon Discovery Image
title Charon Discovery Image
date 06.22.1978
description On 22 June 1978, an astronomer at the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C. was making routine measurements of photographic plates taken with the 1.55-meter (61-inch) Kaj Strand Astrometric Reflector at the USNO Flagstaff Station in Arizona. The purpose of these images was to refine the orbit of the far-flung planet Pluto to help compute a better ephemeris for this distant object. Astronomer James W. Christy had noticed that a number of the images of Pluto appeared elongated, but images of background stars on the same plate did not. Other plates showed the planet as a tiny, round dot. Christy examined a number of Pluto images from the USNO archives, and he noticed the elongations again. Furthermore, the elongations appeared to change position with respect to the stars over time. After eliminating the possibility that the elongations were produced by plate defects and background stars, the only plausible explanation was that they were caused by a previously unknown moon orbiting Pluto at a distance of about 19,600 kilometers (12,100 miles) with a period of just over six days. On 7 July 1978, the discovery was formally announced to the astronomical community and the world by the IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams via IAU Circular 3241. The discovery received the provisional designation "1978 P 1", Christy proposed the name "Charon", after the mythological ferryman who carried souls across the river Acheron, one of the five mythical rivers that surrounded Pluto's underworld. Over the course of the next several years, another USNO astronomer, the late Robert S. Harrington, calculated that Pluto and its newly-found moon would undergo a series of mutual eclipses and occultations, beginning in early 1985. On 17 February 1985 the first successful observation of one of these transits was made at with the 0.9-meter (36-inch) reflector at the University of Texas McDonald Observatory, within 40 minutes of Harrington's predicted time. The IAU Circular announcing these confirming observations was issued on 22 February 1985. With this confirmation, the new moon was officially named Charon. Pluto was discovered at Lowell Observatory in 1930 by the late Clyde W. Tombaugh, an amateur astronomer from Kansas who was hired by the Observatory specifically to photograph the sky with a special camera and search for the planet predicted by the Observatory's founder, Percival Lowell. Lowell had deduced the existence of a "Planet X" by studying small anomalies in the orbits of Uranus and Neptune. As it turned out, Pluto's discovery was almost entirely serendipitous, Pluto's tiny mass was far too small to account for the anomalies, which were resolved when Voyager 2 determined more precise masses for Uranus and Neptune. The discovery of Charon has led to a much better understanding of just how tiny Pluto is. Its diameter is about 2274 km (1413 miles), and its mass is 0.25% of the mass of the Earth. Charon has a diameter of about 1172 kilometers (728, miles) and a mass of about 22% that of Pluto. The two worlds circle their common center of mass with a period of 6.387 days and are locked in a "super-synchronous" rotation: observers on Pluto's surface would always see Charon in the same part of the sky relative to their local horizon. Normally Pluto is considered the most distant world in the solar system, but during the period from January 1979 until February 1999 it was actually closer to the Sun than Neptune. It has the most eccentric and inclinced orbit of any of the major planets. This orbit won't bring Pluto back to its discovery position until the year 2178! *Image Credit*: U.S. Naval Observatory
Irregular Moons Discovered A …
Title Irregular Moons Discovered Around Uranus
Explanation Where did these two irregular moons of Uranus [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/uranus.html ] originate? Last week two previously undiscovered moons [ http://www.cita.utoronto.ca/~gladman/utpress.html ] of the distant gas planet were confirmed [ http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iauc/06700/06765.html ], the first in irregular orbits. All fifteen previously known moons [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/uramoons.html ] of Uranus [ http://bang.lanl.gov/solarsys/uranus.htm ] are 'regular', circling near the planet's equator. Most of these were discovered by the passing Voyager 2 spacecraft [ http://vraptor.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/voyager.html ] in 1986. These newly discovered moons [ http://www.news.cornell.edu/science/Oct97/new_moons.hrs.html ] are thought to be odd-shaped and about 100 km across. They are considered irregular, though, because they orbit in odd directions and far from Uranus [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950816.html ]. If Uranus' irregular moons have the same origin as those orbiting Jupiter [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/jupiter.html ], Saturn [ http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/welcome/saturn.htm ], and Neptune [ http://spacelink.msfc.nasa.gov/Instructional.Materials/Curriculum.Materials/Sciences/Astronomy/Our.Solar.System/Neptune/ ], then they were probably caught from orbits around the Sun [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap960518.html ]. Moons like this are discovered by their motion. One of these moons is shown above [ http://www.cita.utoronto.ca/~gladman/ ] as the circled point of light moving from left to right. (To stop the movie from repeating, click "stop" on most browsers.)
Neptune
PIA01998
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem - …
Title Neptune
Original Caption Released with Image This image of Neptune was taken through the clear filter of the narrow-angle camera on July 16 when the Voyager 2 spacecraft was at a range of 57,000,000 kilometers (35 million miles). The image was processed by computer to show the newly resolved dark oval feature embedded in the middle of the dusky southern collar. The large dark spot nearer the equator is also prominent on the left edge of the disk. The new small dark spot rotates faster than the large dark spot indicating that the winds on Neptune have different velocities at different latitudes as is the case for Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus.
Cosmic Conjunction
title Cosmic Conjunction
description Five planets - Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn - gather over the ancient Stonehenge monument in England. *Image Copyright*: Philip Perkins
Sky and Planets
Title Sky and Planets
Explanation On February 10th, an evocative [ http://www.jps.net/ssumner/ ] evening sky above Rocklin, California, USA inspired astrophotographer Steve Sumner to record this remarkable sight - five planets and the Moon. Near its first quarter phase, the bright Moon [ http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/ ] was intentionally overexposed but Saturn [ http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cassini/ ], Jupiter [ http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov/ ], Mars [ http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/ ], and Mercury [ http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/MESSENGER/ ] (and, of course, planet Earth's [ http://www.earth.nasa.gov/ ] horizon) are all clearly visible in the deepening twilight. Notably absent in this grouping of naked-eye planets is Venus [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap990903.html ] which is still putting in an early appearance as the morning star [ http://ispec.scibernet.com/station/morn_star.html ]. This month, Mercury has joined Venus in the dawn twilight while Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars still shine brightly in the western sky at nightfall [ http://www.skypub.com/sights/sights.shtml ] making another gorgeous close grouping with the crescent Moon [ http://www.inconstantmoon.com/ ].
Trailing Planets
Title Trailing Planets
Explanation Positioning his camera and tripod on planet [ http://nfo.edu/astro/planets.htm ] Earth, near Maricopa, Arizona, USA, astrophotographer [ http://pages.prodigy.net/pam.orman/joemoon/ JoeExposurestwilight.html ] Joe Orman created this trailing display of the ongoing sky-full-of-planets [ http://www.darkhorizons.org/planets.htm ] on May 3rd. He initially captured the grouping in a 20 second long time exposure recording the positions of the bright planets and stars. Covering the camera lens for five minutes, he then exposed the same frame for 45 minutes, tracing [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap980912.html ] the gentle arcs of the celestial wanderers [ http://www.sciam.com/1999/0999issue/0999rennie.html ] as the Earth's rotation carried them toward the western horizon. Of course these planets, Mercury [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap991111.html ], Venus [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap010308.html ], Mars [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap010627.html ], Jupiter [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap960723.html ], and Saturn [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap020222.html ] all still dazzle [ http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/ 24apr_relax.htm ] in western skies near sunset, but sky gazers who want to see Mercury should look soon. Mercury starts the evening closest to the horizon - visible here above the wide bright trail left by Venus - and in the coming days Mercury will be the first to leave the evening sky entirely as it moves closer to the setting Sun. Tonight Venus and Mars [ http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/images/relax/ skymap_north_10may02.gif ] will appear very close together, separated by only one third of a degree.
Solar System Montage of Voya …
Title Solar System Montage of Voyager Images
Full Description This montage of images taken by the Voyager spacecraft of the planets and four of Jupiter's moons is set against a false-color Rosette Nebula with Earth's moon in the foreground. Studying and mapping Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and many of their moons, Voyager provided scientists with better images and data than they had ever had before or expected from the program. Although launched sixteen days after Voyager 2, Voyager 1's trajectory was a faster path, arriving at Jupiter in March 1979. Voyager 2 arrived about four months later in July 1979. Both spacecraft were then directed to Saturn with Voyager 1 arriving in November 1980 and Voyager 2 in August 1981. Voyager 2 was then diverted to the remaining gas giants, Uranus in January 1986 and Neptune in August 1989. Data collection continues by both Voyager 1 and 2 as the renamed Voyager Interstellar Mission searches for the edge of the solar wind influence (the heliopause) and exits the Solar System. A shortened list of the discoveries of Voyager 1 and 2 include:the discovery of the Uranian and Neptunian magnetospheres (magnetic environments caused by various types of planet cores), the discovery of twenty-two new satellites including three at Jupiter, three at Saturn, ten at Uranus, and six at Neptune, Io was found to have active volcanism (the only other Solar System body than Earth to be confirmed), Triton was found to have active geyser-like structures and an atmosphere, Auroral Zones (where gases become excited after being hit by solar particles) were discovered at Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune, Jupiter was found to have rings, Neptune, originally thought to be too cold to support such atmospheric disturbances, had large-scale storms.
Date UNKNOWN
NASA Center Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Gas Planet Sizes
title Gas Planet Sizes
description Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are known as the jovian (Jupiter-like) planets because they are all gigantic compared with Earth, and they have a gaseous nature like Jupiter's. The jovian planets are also referred to as the gas giants, although some or all of them might have small solid cores. This diagram shows the approximate relative sizes of the jovian planets. *Image Credit*: Lunar and Planetary Institute
Venus: Earth's Sister Planet
Title Venus: Earth's Sister Planet
Explanation This picture in visible light was taken by the Galileo [ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/galileo.html ] spacecraft. Venus [ http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/venus.html ] is very similar to Earth [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950622.html ] in size and mass - and so is sometimes referred to as Earth's sister planet - but Venus has a quite different climate. Venus' [ http://www.c3.lanl.gov/~cjhamil/SolarSystem/venus.html ] thick clouds and closeness to the Sun [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950813.html ] (only Mercury [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950814.html ] is closer) make it the hottest planet - much hotter than the Earth. Humans could not survive there, and no life of any sort has ever been found. When Venus [ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/PhotoGallery-Venus.html ] is visible it is usually the brightest object in the sky after the Sun and the Moon. More than 20 spacecraft have visited Venus including Venera 9, which landed on the surface, and Magellan [ http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/mveg/guide.html ], which used radar to peer through the clouds and make a map of the surface. There are still many things about Venus's unusual atmosphere that astronomers don't understand. Tomorrow's picture: Uranus: The Tilted Planet
Gas Giant Interiors
title Gas Giant Interiors
description *Jupiter* Jupiter's composition is mainly hydrogen and helium. In contrast to planetary bodies covered with a hard surface crust (the Earth, for example), the jovian surface is gaseous-liquid, rendering the boundary between the atmosphere and the planet itself almost indistinguishable. Below the roughly 1000-kilometer-thick atmosphere, a layer of liquid hydrogen extends to a depth of 20,000 kilometers. Even deeper, it is believed that there is a layer of liquid metallic hydrogen at a pressure of 3 million bars. The planet core is believed to comprise iron-nickel alloy, rock, etc., at a temperature estimated to exceed 20,000C. *Saturn* As with Jupiter, Saturn is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium and is observed to be of extremely low density. In fact, Saturn's mean density is only about two-thirds that of water. The Saturn atmosphere comprises, in descending order of altitude, a layer of ammonia, a layer of ammonium hydrogen sulfide, and a layer of ice. Below this, the saturnian surface is a stratum of liquid hydrogen (as in the case of Jupiter) underlain with a layer of liquid metallic hydrogen. It is believed that the liquid hydrogen layer of Saturn is thicker than that of Jupiter, while the liquid metallic hydrogen layer may be thinner. The planet's core is estimated to be composed of rock and ice. *Uranus* Uranus is gaseous in composition, mainly comprising hydrogen and helium as in the case of Jupiter and Saturn. The planet atmosphere is mostly hydrogen but also includes helium and methane. The planet core is estimated to be rock and ice encompassed by an outer layer of ice comprised of water, ammonium, and methane. *Neptune * The atmosphere of Neptune consists of mainly hydrogen, methane and helium, similar to Uranus. Below it is a liquid hydrogen layer including helium and methane. The lower layer is made up of the liquid hydrogen compounds oxygen and nitrogen. It is believed that the planet core comprises rock and ice. Neptune's average density, as well as the greatest proportion of core per planet size, is the greatest among all the gaseous planets. *Image Credit:* Lunar and Planetary Institute
New Horizons at Jupiter
Title New Horizons at Jupiter
Explanation Headed for the first close-up exploration of the Pluto-Charon system [ http://www.plutoportal.net/ ] and the icy denizens of the Kuiper belt [ http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/kb.html ], NASA's New Horizons [ http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/mission.htm ] spacecraft is pictured here in an artist's vision of the robot probe outward bound. The dramatic scene [ http://www.swri.org/press/jest.htm ] depicts the 465 kilogram spacecraft about one year after a planned 2006 launch, following a flyby of gas giant Jupiter [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap031114.html ]. While the Jupiter flyby [ http://www.swri.edu/9what/releases/ JEST.htm ] will be used as a gravity assist [ http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/grav/primer.html ] maneuver to save fuel and cut travel time to the outer reaches of the Solar System [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/ nineplanets.html ], it will also provide an opportunity to test instruments and study the giant planet, its moons, and magnetic fields. The Sun is seen from eight hundred million kilometers away, with inner planets Earth, Venus, and Mercury aligned [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap001014.html ] on the left. A dim crescent of outermost Galilean moon Callisto [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap010731.html ], orbiting Jupiter just inside of the spacecraft's trajectory, appears to the upper right of the fading Sun. Left of Jupiter itself is Europa [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap030919.html ] and in the distant background are the faint, unresolved stars and dust clouds of the Milky Way [ http://home.arcor-online.de/axel.mellinger/ ]. New Horizons' planned arrival at Pluto-Charon [ http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/plutocharon.htm ] is in the summer of 2015.
Pioneer 10 Trajectory
Title Pioneer 10 Trajectory
Full Description This image, drawn in 1970, is an artist's rendering of the Pioneer 10 spacecraft trajectory, with the planets labeled and a list of the instruments that were intended to be flown. Before the use of computer animation, artists were hired by JPL and NASA to depict a spacecraft in flight, for use as a visual aid to promote the project during development. Pioneer 10 was managed by NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California. The Pioneer F spacecraft, as it was known before launch, was designed and built by TRW Systems Group, Inc. JPL developed three instruments that flew on the spacecraft: Magnetic Fields, S-Band Occultation, and Celestial Mechanics, as well as running the Deep Space Network which provided tracking and data system support. Caltech was responsible for the Jovian Infrared Thermal Structure experiment. Pioneer was very successful, crossing the orbit of Mars and the asteroid belt beyond it, encountering, studying, and photographing Jupiter, then crossing the orbits of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It left the solar system in 1983 and has been contacted several times in the past few years. As of July 2001, the spacecraft was still able to send a return signal to Earth. At Jupiter, the experiments of Pioneer were used to examine the environmental and atmospheric characteristics of the giant planet. Pioneer was also the vital precursor to all future flights to the outer solar system. It determined that a spacecraft could safely fly through the asteroid belt. It also measured the intensity of Jupiter's radiation belt so that NASA could design future Jupiter (and other outer planets) orbiters.
Date 03/07/1972
NASA Center Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Three Planets in Dawn Skies
Title Three Planets in Dawn Skies
Explanation Three children of the Sun [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap061116.html ] rise in the east in this peaceful dawn skyview recorded December 7th near Bolu, Turkey. Inner planet Mercury [ http://kids.nineplanets.org/mercury.htm ], fresh from its second transit [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap061114.html ] of the 21st century, stands highest in the bright sky at the top right. Gas giant Jupiter [ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/ jupiterfact.html ] lies below the cloud bank near picture center. A newsworthy Mars [ http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/ mgs-20061206.html ] is also visible, right of Jupiter and just above the dark cloud bank. On Sunday, these planets will form a much tighter grouping [ http://skytonight.com/observing/ataglance ] before sunrise [ http://niteskys.com/mercury_mars_jupiter_120806.html ], while in the coming days the western sky after sunset will be ruled by brilliant planet Venus [ http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Venus_Express/ ], also known as the evening star.
Nashville Four Planet Skylin …
Title Nashville Four Planet Skyline
Explanation So far this February, evening skies [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap000504.html ] have been blessed with a glorious Moon and three bright planets, Venus [ http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/rp/poems/ longfe10.html ], Jupiter, and Saturn. But just last week, on January 30th, an extreme wide-angle lens allowed astrophotographer Larry Koehn to capture this twilight view of Moon and four planets above [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/ see.html ] Nashville, Tennessee, USA. These major solar system [ http://space.jpl.nasa.gov/ ] bodies lie along the ecliptic plane [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap001014.html ] and so follow a diagonal line through the picture. Starting near the upper left corner is bright Jupiter [ http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/ solar_system_level2/jupiter.html ], which takes on a slightly triangular shape due to the lens distortion. Just below and right of Jupiter is Saturn [ http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cassini/english/kids/ saturn_in_sky.html ]. Continuing along the diagonal toward the lower right is an overexposed, six day old Moon [ http://www.inconstantmoon.com/ ] and brilliant Venus seemingly embedded in clouds. The fourth planet pictured is Mercury. Notoriously hard to see from planet Earth because it never wanders far from the Sun, Mercury is [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap991111.html ] visible just above the lower right corner. The line from Jupiter to Mercury spans about 92 degrees across the Nashville sky.
Mercury: Closest Planet to t …
Title Mercury: Closest Planet to the Sun
Explanation This picture was compiled from images taken by the NASA spacecraft Mariner 10 which flew by the planet three times in 1974. Mercury [ http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/mercury.html ] is the closest planet to the Sun [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950813.html ], the second hottest planet (Venus gets hotter), and the second smallest planet (Pluto is smaller). Mercury [ http://www.c3.lanl.gov/~cjhamil/SolarSystem/mercury.html ] rotates so slowly that one day there - "day" meaning the normal time it takes from sunset to sunset - lasts 176 days on Earth [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950622.html ]. It is difficult to see Mercury [ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-mercury.html ] not because it is dim but because it always appears near the Sun, and is therefore only visible for a short time just after sunset or just before sunrise. Mercury is made of rocky material like Earth. No one knows why Mercury has the magnetic field that it does. Tomorrow's picture: Venus: Earth's Sister Planet
Voyager Spacecraft During Vi …
Title Voyager Spacecraft During Vibration Testing
Full Description Two Voyager spacecraft were launched in 1977 to explore the outer planets and some of their satellites. A prototype Voyager spacecraft is shown at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, as it successfully passed vibration tests which simulated the expected launch environment. The large parabolic antenna at the top is 3.7 meters in diameter and was used at both S-band and X-band radio frequencies for communicating with Earth over the great distances from the outer planets. The spacecraft received electrical power from three nuclear power sources (lower left). The shiny cylinder on the left side under the antenna contained a folded boom, which extended after launch to hold a magnetometer instrument thirteen meters away from the body of the spacecraft. The truss-like structure on the right side is the stowed instrument boom which supported three science instruments and a scan platform. The scan platform allowed the accurate pointing of two cameras and three other science instruments at Jupiter, Saturn, the rings of Saturn, Jupiter's moons, Saturn's moons, Uranus, moons of Uranus, and Neptune.
Date 03/25/1977
NASA Center Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Planets in the West
Title Planets in the West
Explanation Have you seen any bright planets lately? Chances are if you've been outside under clear skies [ http://currentsky.com/ ] just after sunset, then you have. Now shining in the west as bright "stars [ http://nfo.edu/astro/planets.htm ]" in the night sky, are all five planets of the solar system known to [ http://www.nasm.si.edu/ceps/etp/discovery/ etpdiscovery.html ] ancient astronomers - Mercury, Venus, Mars [ http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/ funzone.html ], Saturn, and Jupiter [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/ jupiter.html ]. Recorded from Holt, Michigan, USA about 40 minutes after sunset on April 14th, this digital image [ http://www.pa.msu.edu/people/frenchj/const/index2.html ] captures three of them, Venus, Mars, and Saturn [ http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/solar_system/planets/ saturn_index.html ], along with a young crescent Moon [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap000728.html ]. Also indicated are the Pleiades [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap010506.html ] star cluster and bright red giant star Aldebaran [ http://www.earthsky.com/Features/ Skywatching/pronounce.html ] in Taurus. Mercury [ http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Jan97/ MercuryUnveiled.html ], setting, is lost in the trees and glow along the horizon, while Jupiter is off the top of this view. The coming weeks [ http://www.darkhorizons.org/planets.htm ] will see photo opportunities galore as all five planets gradually move closer together, posing after sunset with the Moon and stars in the western sky [ http://www.skyviewcafe.com/skyview.shtml ]. Venus [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap020330.html ], Mars, and Saturn will form the closest trio, drawing within a 5 degree circle (about the apparent size of your fist with arm extended) above Aldebaran by May 3rd.
Saturn and its rings
PIA01969
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem - …
Title Saturn and its rings
Original Caption Released with Image Voyager 1 looked back at Saturn on Nov. 16, 1980, four days after the spacecraft flew past the planet, to observe the appearance of Saturn and its rings from this unique perspective. A few of the spokelike ring features discovered by Voyager appear in the rings as bright patches in this image, taken at a distance of 5.3 million kilometers (3.3 million miles) from the planet. Saturn's shadow falls upon the rings, and the bright Saturn crescent is seen through all but the densest portion of the rings. From Saturn, Voyager 1 is on a trajectory taking the spacecraft out of the ecliptic plane, away from the Sun and eventually out of the solar system (by about 1990). Although its mission to Jupiter and Saturn is nearly over (the Saturn encounter ends Dec. 18, 1980), Voyager 1 will be tracked by the Deep Space Network as far as possible in an effort to determine where the influence of the Sun ends and interstellar space begins. Voyager 1's flight path through interstellar space is in the direction of the constellation Ophiuchus. Voyager 2 will reach Saturn on August 25, 1981, and is targeted to encounter Uranus in 1986 and possibly Neptune in 1989. The Voyager project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California.
Seen here is a full-scale mo …
Description Seen here is a full-scale model of one of the twin Voyager spacecraft, which was sent to explore the giant outer planets in our solar system. Voyager 2 was launched August 20, 1977 followed by the launch of Voyager 1 sixteen days later. Both spacecraft visited Jupiter and Saturn with Voyager 2 continuing its journey to Uranus and Neptune. In spring 1990, Voyager 2 transmitted images looking back across the span of the entire solar system. Both Voyagers continue to explore interstellar space.
Voyager 2 Launch
Title Voyager 2 Launch
Full Description Voyager 2 was launched August 20, 1977, sixteen days before Voyager 1 aboard a Titan-Centaur rocket. Their different flight trajectories caused Voyager 2 to arrive at Jupiter four months later than Voyager 1, thus explaining their numbering. The initial mission plan for Voyager 2 specified visits only to Jupiter and Saturn. The plan was augmented in 1981 to include a visit to Uranus, and again in 1985 to include a flyby of Neptune. After completing the tour of the outer planets in 1989, the Voyager spacecraft began exploring interstellar space. The Voyager mission has been managed by NASA's Office of Space Science and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Date 08/20/1977
NASA Center Kennedy Space Center
Planetary Alignment. LASCO C …
Description Planetary Alignment. LASCO C3 image showing Jupiter, Saturn, Mercury, and Venus simultaneously on May 15, 2000.
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