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Search Results: All Fields similar to 'Skylab' and Where equal to 'Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)'
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Skylab Over Earth
| Title |
Skylab Over Earth |
| Explanation |
Skylab [ http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/skylab.html ] was an orbiting laboratory launched by a Saturn V rocket [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950829.html ] in May 1973. Skylab [ http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/images/skylab_images.html ] was visited three times by NASA astronauts who sometimes stayed as long as two and a half months. Many scientific tests were performed on Skylab [ http://www.ssl.msfc.nasa.gov/ssl/pad/solar/skylab.htm ], including astronomical observations in ultraviolet [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/lib/glossary.html#uv ] and X-ray [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/lib/glossary.html#X-ray ] light. Some of these observations yielded valuable information about Comet Kohoutek [ http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/space/kohoutek.html ], our Sun [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap960916.html ] and about the mysterious X-ray background [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap000114.html ] - radiation that comes from all over the sky. Skylab [ http://www.xmission.com/~skylab/skylab.html ] fell back to earth on 11 July 1979. |
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Skylab Concept by George Mue
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| Title |
Skylab Concept by George Mueller |
| Full Description |
This is a sketch of Skylab, as drawn by George E. Mueller, NASA associate administrator for Manned Space Flight. This concept drawing was created at a meeting at the Marshall Space Flight Center on August 19, 1966. The image details the station's major elements. In 1970, the station became known as Skylab. Three manned Skylab missions (Skylab 2 in May 1973, Skylab 3 in July 1973, and Skylab 4 in November 1973) were flown on which experiments were conducted in:space science, earth resources, life sciences, space technology, and student projects. |
| Date |
08/19/1966 |
| NASA Center |
Marshall Space Flight Center |
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Skylab Prime Astronaut Crews
| Name of Image |
Skylab Prime Astronaut Crews |
| Date of Image |
1972-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This photograph is a montage of astronaut crews for the three Skylab missions with simple biographical data of each astronaut. The 1st mission was designated as Skylab-2, 2nd mission as Skylab-3, and 3rd mission as Skylab-4. The Skylab-1 mission placed the Skylab Orbital Work Shop in orbit by a modified Saturn V launch vehicle. Skylab's 3 different 3-man crews spent up to 84 days in Earth orbit and performed a variety of more than 100 experiments. |
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Skylab
| Name of Image |
Skylab |
| Date of Image |
1974-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This image is an artist's concept of the Skylab in orbit with callouts of its major components. In an early effort to extend the use of Apollo for further applications, NASA established the Apollo Applications Program (AAP) in August of 1965. The AAP was to include long duration Earth orbital missions during which astronauts would carry out scientific, technological, and engineering experiments in space by utilizing modified Saturn launch vehicles and the Apollo spacecraft. Established in 1970, the Skylab Program was the forerurner of the AAP. The goals of the Skylab were to enrich our scientific knowledge of the Earth, the Sun, the stars, and cosmic space, to study the effects of weightlessness on living organisms, including man, to study the effects of the processing and manufacturing of materials utilizing the absence of gravity, and to conduct Earth resource observations. The Skylab also conducted 19 selected experiments submitted by high school students. Skylab's 3 different 3-man crews spent up to 84 days in Earth orbit. The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) had responsibility for developing and integrating most of the major components of the Skylab: the Orbital Workshop (OWS), Airlock Module (AM), Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA), Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM), Payload Shroud (PS), and most of the experiments. MSFC was also responsible for providing the Saturn IB launch vehicles for three Apollo spacecraft and crews and a Saturn V launch vehicle for the Skylab. |
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Skylab Illustration
| Name of Image |
Skylab Illustration |
| Date of Image |
1972-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This artist's concept is a cutaway illustration of the Skylab with the Command/Service Module being docked to the Multiple Docking Adapter. In an early effort to extend the use of Apollo for further applications, NASA established the Apollo Applications Program (AAP) in August of 1965. The AAP was to include long duration Earth orbital missions during which astronauts would carry out scientific, technological, and engineering experiments in space by utilizing modified Saturn launch vehicles and the Apollo spacecraft. Established in 1970, the Skylab Program was the forerurner of the AAP. The goals of the Skylab were to enrich our scientific knowledge of the Earth, the Sun, the stars, and cosmic space, to study the effects of weightlessness on living organisms, including man, to study the effects of the processing and manufacturing of materials utilizing the absence of gravity, and to conduct Earth resource observations. The Skylab also conducted 19 selected experiments submitted by high school students. Skylab's 3 different 3-man crews spent up to 84 days in Earth orbit. The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) had responsibility for developing and integrating most of the major components of the Skylab: the Orbital Workshop (OWS), Airlock Module (AM), Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA), Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM), Payload Shroud (PS), and most of the experiments. MSFC was also responsible for providing the Saturn IB launch vehicles for three Apollo spacecraft and crews and a Saturn V launch vehicle for the Skylab. |
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General Characteristics of t
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| Name of Image |
General Characteristics of the Skylab |
| Date of Image |
1970-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This illustration shows general characteristics of the Skylab with callouts of its major components. In an early effort to extend the use of Apollo for further applications, NASA established the Apollo Applications Program (AAP) in August of 1965. The AAP was to include long duration Earth orbital missions during which astronauts would carry out scientific, technological, and engineering experiments in space by utilizing modified Saturn launch vehicles and the Apollo spacecraft. Established in 1970, the Skylab Program was the forerurner of the AAP. The goals of the Skylab were to enrich our scientific knowledge of the Earth, the Sun, the stars, and cosmic space, to study the effects of weightlessness on living organisms, including man, to study the effects of the processing and manufacturing of materials utilizing the absence of gravity, and to conduct Earth resource observations. The Skylab also conducted 19 selected experiments submitted by high school students. Skylab's 3 different 3-man crews spent up to 84 days in Earth orbit. The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) had responsibility for developing and integrating most of the major components of the Skylab: the Orbital Workshop (OWS), Airlock Module (AM), Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA), Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM), Payload Shroud (PS), and most of the experiments. MSFC was also responsible for providing the Saturn IB launch vehicles for three Apollo spacecraft and crews and a Saturn V launch vehicle for the Skylab. |
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Skylab Components in Launch
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| Name of Image |
Skylab Components in Launch Configuration |
| Date of Image |
1969-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This cutaway drawing illustrates major Skylab components in launch configuration on top of the Saturn V. In an early effort to extend the use of Apollo for further applications, NASA established the Apollo Applications Program (AAP) in August of 1965. The AAP was to include long duration Earth orbital missions during which astronauts would carry out scientific, technological, and engineering experiments in space by utilizing modified Saturn launch vehicles and the Apollo spacecraft. Established in 1970, the Skylab Program was the forerurner of the AAP. The goals of the Skylab were to enrich our scientific knowledge of the Earth, the Sun, the stars, and cosmic space, to study the effects of weightlessness on living organisms, including man, to study the effects of the processing and manufacturing of materials utilizing the absence of gravity, and to conduct Earth resource observations. The Skylab also conducted 19 selected experiments submitted by high school students. Skylab's 3 different 3-man crews spent up to 84 days in Earth orbit. The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) had responsibility for developing and integrating most of the major components of the Skylab: the Orbital Workshop (OWS), Airlock Module (AM), Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA), Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM), Payload Shroud (PS), and most of the experiments. MSFC was also responsible for providing the Saturn IB launch vehicles for three Apollo spacecraft and crews and a Saturn V launch vehicle for the Skylab. |
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Skylab Program Illustration
| Name of Image |
Skylab Program Illustration |
| Date of Image |
1971-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This image illustrates major areas of emphasis of the Skylab Program. In an early effort to extend the use of Apollo for further applications, NASA established the Apollo Applications Program (AAP) in August of 1965. The AAP was to include long duration Earth orbital missions during which astronauts would carry out scientific, technological, and engineering experiments in space by utilizing modified Saturn launch vehicles and the Apollo spacecraft. Established in 1970, the Skylab Program was the forerurner of the AAP. The goals of the Skylab were to enrich our scientific knowledge of the Earth, the Sun, the stars, and cosmic space, to study the effects of weightlessness on living organisms, including man, to study the effects of the processing and manufacturing of materials utilizing the absence of gravity, and to conduct Earth resource observations. The Skylab also conducted 19 selected experiments submitted by high school students. Skylab's 3 different 3-man crews spent up to 84 days in Earth orbit. The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) had responsibility for developing and integrating most of the major components of the Skylab: the Orbital Workshop (OWS), Airlock Module (AM), Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA), Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM), Payload Shroud (PS), and most of the experiments. MSFC was also responsible for providing the Saturn IB launch vehicles for three Apollo spacecraft and crews and a Saturn V launch vehicle for the Skylab. |
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Skylab
| Name of Image |
Skylab |
| Date of Image |
1974-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This image is an artist's concept of the Skylab in orbit. In an early effort to extend the use of Apollo for further applications, NASA established the Apollo Applications Program (AAP) in August of 1965. The AAP was to include long duration Earth orbital missions during which astronauts would carry out scientific, technological, and engineering experiments in space by utilizing modified Saturn launch vehicles and the Apollo spacecraft. Established in 1970, the Skylab program was the forerurner of the AAP. The goals of the Skylab were to enrich our scientific knowledge of the Earth, the Sun, the stars, and cosmic space, to study the effects of weightlessness on living organisms, including man, to study the effects of the processing and manufacturing of materials utilizing the absence of gravity, and to conduct Earth resource observations. The Skylab also conducted 19 selected experiments submitted by high school students. Skylab's 3 different 3-man crews spent up to 84 days in Earth orbit. The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) had responsibility for developing and integrating most of the major components of the Skylab: the Orbital Workshop (OWS), Airlock Module (AM), Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA), Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM), Payload Shroud (PS), and most of the experiments. MSFC was also responsible for providing the Saturn IB launch vehicles for three Apollo spacecraft and crews and a Saturn V launch vehicle for the Skylab. |
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Skylab Model
| Name of Image |
Skylab Model |
| Date of Image |
1967-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This photograph is of a model of the Skylab with the Command/Service Module being docked. In an early effort to extend the use of Apollo for further applications, NASA established the Apollo Applications Program (AAP) in August of 1965. The AAP was to include long duration Earth orbital missions during which astronauts would carry out scientific, technological, and engineering experiments in space by utilizing modified Saturn launch vehicles and the Apollo spacecraft. Established in 1970, the Skylab Program was the forerurner of the AAP. The goals of the Skylab were to enrich our scientific knowledge of the Earth, the Sun, the stars, and cosmic space, to study the effects of weightlessness on living organisms, including man, to study the effects of the processing and manufacturing of materials utilizing the absence of gravity, and to conduct Earth resource observations. The Skylab also conducted 19 selected experiments submitted by high school students. Skylab's 3 different 3-man crews spent up to 84 days in Earth orbit. The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) had responsibility for developing and integrating most of the major components of the Skylab: the Orbital Workshop (OWS), Airlock Module (AM), Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA), Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM), Payload Shroud (PS), and most of the experiments. MSFC was also responsible for providing the Saturn IB launch vehicles for three Apollo spacecraft and crews and a Saturn V launch vehicle for the Skylab. |
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Skylab-4 Mission Onboard Pho
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| Name of Image |
Skylab-4 Mission Onboard Photograph - Skylab in Orbit |
| Date of Image |
1974-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This photograph was taken as the third crew (Skylab-4) departed the space station. The solar observatory was designed for full exposure to the Sun throughout most of the Skylab mission. Solar energy was transformed into electrical power for operation of all spacecraft systems. The proper operation of these solar arrays was vital to the mission. This Skylab in orbit view was taken by the Skylab-4 crew. |
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Assembling the Skylab Cluste
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| Name of Image |
Assembling the Skylab Cluster |
| Date of Image |
1970-01-01 |
| Full Description |
Assembling activities of the Skylab cluster are shown in this photograph. The Orbital Workshop (OWS) was lowered for joining to aft skirt and placed over the thrust structure inside the assembly tower. The OWS provided living and working quarters for the Skylab crew and the thruster provided short-term attitude control of the Skylab. The Marshall Space Flight Center had responsibilities for the design and development of the Skylab hardware, and management of experiments. |
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Skylab Food Heating and Serv
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| Name of Image |
Skylab Food Heating and Serving Tray |
| Date of Image |
1970-01-01 |
| Full Description |
Shown here is the Skylab food heating and serving tray with food, drink, and utensils. The tray contained heating elements for preparing the individual food packets. The food on Skylab was a great improvement over that on earlier spaceflights. It was no longer necessary to squeeze liquified food from plastic tubes. Skylab's kitchen in the Orbital Workshop wardroom was so equipped that each crewman could select his own menu and prepare it to his own taste. The Marshall Space Flight Center had program management responsibility for the development of Skylab hardware and experiments. |
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Skylab Astronauts' Neutral B
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| Name of Image |
Skylab Astronauts' Neutral Buoyancy Simulator Training |
| Date of Image |
1970-11-18 |
| Full Description |
After the end of the Apollo missions, NASA's next adventure into space was the marned spaceflight of Skylab. Using an S-IVB stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle, Skylab was a two-story orbiting laboratory, one floor being living quarters and the other a work room. The objectives of Skylab were to enrich our scientific knowledge of the Earth, the Sun, the stars, and cosmic space, to study the effects of weightlessness on living organisms, including man, to study the effects of the processing and manufacturing of materials utilizing the absence of gravity, and to conduct Earth resource observations. At the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), astronauts and engineers spent hundreds of hours in an MSFC Neutral Buoyancy Simulator (NBS) rehearsing procedures to be used during the Skylab mission, developing techniques, and detecting and correcting potential problems. The NBS was a 40-foot deep water tank that simulated the weightlessness environment of space. This photograph shows astronaut Ed Gibbon (a prime crew member of the Skylab-4 mission) during the neutral buoyancy Skylab extravehicular activity training at the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) mockup. One of Skylab's major components, the ATM was the most powerful astronomical observatory ever put into orbit to date. |
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Skylab
| Name of Image |
Skylab |
| Date of Image |
1974-02-01 |
| Full Description |
The idea that ultimately became Skylab first surfaced in 1962 as a proposal to convert a spent Saturn upper stage (Saturn V S-II stage) into an orbital workshop. In 1968, the Marshall Space Flight Center proposed an alternative to the wet workshop concept of refurbishing a space station in orbit. Instead, a fully equipped dry workshop could be launched as a complete unit ready for occupancy. Skylab became the free world's first space station. Launched in May 1973, the Skylab space station was occupied in succession by three teams of three crewmembers. These crews spent 28, 59, and 84 days respectively, orbiting the Earth and performing nearly 300 experiments. This view of Skylab in orbit was taken by the Skylab 4 (the last Skylab mission) crew. |
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Terry Quist Discusses Skylab
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| Name of Image |
Terry Quist Discusses Skylab Experiment |
| Date of Image |
1972-08-21 |
| Full Description |
San Antonio, Texas high school student, Terry C. Quist (left), and Dr. Raymond Gause of the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), discuss the student?s experiment to be performed aboard the Skylab the following year. His experiment, ?Earth Orbital Neutron Analysis? required detectors such as the one he is examining in this photo. The detector was to be attached to a water tank in Skylab. Neutrons striking the detectors left traces that were brought out by a chemical etching process after the Skylab mission. Quist?s experiment seeked to record neutron hits, count them, and determine their direction. This information was to help determine the source of neutrons in the solar system. Quist was among 25 winners of a contest in which some 3,500 high school students proposed experiments for the following year?s Skylab mission. The nationwide scientific competition was sponsored by the National Science Teachers Association and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The winning students, along with their parents and sponsor teachers, visited MSFC two months earlier where they met with scientists and engineers, participated in design reviews for their experiments, and toured MSFC facilities. Of the 25 students, 6 did not see their experiments conducted on Skylab because the experiments were not compatible with Skylab hardware and timelines. Of the 19 remaining, 11 experiments required the manufacture of additional equipment. The equipment for the experiments was manufactured at MSFC. |
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Skylab Program
| Name of Image |
Skylab Program |
| Date of Image |
1971-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This illustration depicts the Skylab-1 and Skylab-2 mission sequence. The goals of the Skylab were to enrich our scientific knowledge of the Earth, the Sun, the stars, and cosmic space, to study the effects of weightlessness on living organisms, including man, to study the effects of the processing and manufacturing of materials utilizing the absence of gravity, and to conduct Earth resource observations. The Skylab also conducted 19 selected experiments submitted by high school students. Skylab's 3 different 3-man crews spent up to 84 days in Earth orbit. The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) had responsibility for developing and integrating most of the major components of the Skylab: the Orbital Workshop (OWS), Airlock Module (AM), Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA), Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM), Payload Shroud (PS), and most of the experiments. MSFC was also responsible for providing the Saturn IB launch vehicles for three Apollo spacecraft and crews and a Saturn V launch vehicle for the Skylab. |
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Neutron Analysis - Skylab St
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| Name of Image |
Neutron Analysis - Skylab Student Experiment ED-76 |
| Date of Image |
1973-01-01 |
| Full Description |
The rate of neutron flow is commonly referred to as a flux. The measurement of neutron fluxes in Skylab was the subject of a proposal by Terry Quist of San Antonio, Texas. This chart describes Quist's experiment, Neutron Analysis, Skylab student experiment ED-76. These measurements were considered important not only by NASA but also by the scientific community for four reasons. High energy neutrons can be harmful to human tissue if they are present in significant quantities. Fluxes of neutrons can damage film and other sensitive experimental equipment in a marner similar to those produced by x-rays or other radiation. Furthermore, neutron fluxes can be used as a calibration source for other space-oriented particle physics experiments. Finally, neutron fluxes can affect sensitive x-ray and gamma-ray astronomy observations. Quist's objectives were to measure the neutron fluxes present in Skylab and, with the assistance of NASA and other physicists, to attempt determination of their origin as well as their energy range or spectrum. This experiment had stimulated interest in further studies of neutron phenomena in space. In March 1972, NASA and the National Science Teachers Association selected 25 experiment proposals for flight on Skylab. Science advisors from the Marshall Space Flight Center aided and assisted the students in developing the proposals for flight on Skylab. |
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Skylab Earth Resource Experi
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| Name of Image |
Skylab Earth Resource Experiment Package (EREP) Photograph |
| Date of Image |
1973-06-01 |
| Full Description |
This EREP color infrared photograph of the Uncompahgre Plateau area of Colorado was taken in June of 1973 by the Earth Terrain Camera (Skylab EREP Experiment S190B) of the Skylab's Multi-spectral Photographic Facility during the Skylab-2 mission. Skylab stereoscopic data provided the best identification of vegetation complexes and delineation of vegetation boundaries, particularly in areas where changes in relief were related to changes in vegetation type (a common occurrence in wild-land vegetation communities). |
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Ultraviolet Panorama - Skyla
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| Name of Image |
Ultraviolet Panorama - Skylab Experiment S183 |
| Date of Image |
1972-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This photograph describes details of the telescopic camera for ultraviolet star photography for Skylab's Ultraviolet Panorama experiment (S183) placed in the Skylab airlock. The S183 experiment was designed to obtain ultraviolet photographs at three wavelengths of hot stars, clusters of stars, large stellar clouds in the Milky Way, and nuclei of other galaxies. The Marshall Space Flight Center had program responsibility for the development of Skylab hardware and experiments. |
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Nuclear Emulsion - Skylab Ex
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| Name of Image |
Nuclear Emulsion - Skylab Experiment S009 |
| Date of Image |
1970-09-01 |
| Full Description |
This photograph shows Skylab's Nuclear Emulsion experiment, a Skylab science facility that was mounted inside the Multiple Docking Adapter used to record the relative abundance of primary, high-energy heavy nuclei outside the Earth's atmosphere. The Marshall Space Flight Center had program management responsibility for the development of Skylab hardware and experiments. |
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Time and Motion Study - Skyl
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| Name of Image |
Time and Motion Study - Skylab Experiment M151 |
| Date of Image |
1970-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This 1970 photograph shows Skylab's Time and Motion experiment (M151) control unit, a medical study to measure performance differences between tasks undertaken on Earth and the same tasks performed by Skylab crew members in orbit. Data collected from this experiment evaluated crew members' zero-gravity behavior for designs and work programs for future space exploration. The Marshall Space Flight Center had program management responsibility for the development of Skylab hardware and experiments. |
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Skylab-3 Onboard Photograph
…
| Name of Image |
Skylab-3 Onboard Photograph - Skylab in Orbit |
| Date of Image |
1973-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This striking image of Skylab was photographed by Astronaut Jack Lousma (Skylab-3), as the second crew reached the orbiting laboratory over the delta of the mighty Amazon River. Skylab's solar arrays were exposed directly to the Sun's rays. Solar energy was transformed into electrical power for operation of all spacecraft systems. The proper operation of these solar arrays was vital to the mission. |
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Skylab-4 Mission Onboard Pho
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| Name of Image |
Skylab-4 Mission Onboard Photograph - Skylab in Orbit |
| Date of Image |
1974-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This image of Skylab in orbit was taken as the third crew (Skylab-4) departed the space station after 84 days in the orbiting laboratory. A smiling Skylab seemed to wink good-bye for the job well done. |
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Assembling the Skylab Cluste
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| Name of Image |
Assembling the Skylab Cluster |
| Date of Image |
1971-05-01 |
| Full Description |
This photograph shows activities during assembly of the Skylab cluster at the Vehicle Assembly/Checkout building. The Saturn V S-IVB stage is shown at left, and right is the Orbital Workshop (OWS) being readied for mating to the thruster. The S-IVB stage was modified to house the OWS, which provided living and working quarters for the Skylab crews. The Marshall Space Flight Center had responsibilities for the design and development of the Skylab hardware, and management of experiments. |
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Galactic X-Ray Mapping - Sky
…
| Name of Image |
Galactic X-Ray Mapping - Skylab Experiment S150 |
| Date of Image |
1970-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This photograph shows Skylab's Galactic X-Ray Mapping facility (S150), an astrophysics and space sciences investigation. An objective of this experiment was to extend the search for the origin of galactic x-rays beyond the sensitivity possible with short flights of small research rockets. This was accomplished by placing a large-area, soft x-ray detector in orbit to collect data for a much longer time. The S150 instrument was not in Skylab but in the instrument unit of the second stage of the Skylab-3 Saturn IB rocket. |
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Time and Motion Study - Skyl
…
| Name of Image |
Time and Motion Study - Skylab Experiment M151 |
| Date of Image |
1972-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This chart details Skylab's Time and Motion experiment (M151), a medical study to measure performance differences between tasks undertaken on Earth and the same tasks performed by Skylab crew members in orbit. Data collected from this experiment evaluated crew members' zero-gravity behavior for designs and work programs for future space exploration. The Marshall Space Flight Center had program management responsibility for the development of Skylab hardware and experiments. |
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Ultraviolet Panorama - Skyla
…
| Name of Image |
Ultraviolet Panorama - Skylab Experiment S183 |
| Date of Image |
1970-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This photograph shows a telescopic camera for ultraviolet star photography for Skylab's Ultraviolet Panorama experiment (S183) placed in the Skylab airlock. The S183 experiment was designed to obtain ultraviolet photographs, at three wavelengths, of hot stars, clusters of stars, large stellar clouds in the Milky Way, and nuclei of other galaxies. The Marshall Space Flight Center had program responsibility for the development of Skylab hardware and experiments. |
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Skylab Over Earth
| Title |
Skylab Over Earth |
| Explanation |
Skylab [ http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/skylab/skylab.htm ] was an orbiting laboratory launched by a Saturn V rocket [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap010525.html ] in May 1973. Skylab [ http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/images/skylab_images.html ], pictured above [ http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-001055.html ], was visited three times by NASA astronauts who sometimes stayed as long as two and a half months. Many scientific tests were performed on Skylab [ http://www.ssl.msfc.nasa.gov/ssl/pad/solar/skylab.htm ], including astronomical observations in ultraviolet [ http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/uv.html ] and X-ray [ http://cxpi.spme.monash.edu.au/xray_history.htm ] light. Some of these observations yielded valuable information about Comet Kohoutek [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohoutek ], our Sun [ http://www.nineplanets.org/sol.html ] and about the mysterious X-ray background [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap000114.html ] - radiation that comes from all over the sky. Skylab [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab ] fell back to earth on 11 July 1979. |
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Web Formation - Skylab Stude
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| Name of Image |
Web Formation - Skylab Student Experiment ED-52 |
| Date of Image |
1973-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This chart describes the Skylab student experiment Web Formation. Judith S. Miles of Lexington High School, Lexington, Massachusetts, proposed a study of the spider's behavior in a weightless environment. The geometrical structure of the web of the orb-weaving spider provides a good measure of the condition of its central nervous system. Since the spider senses its own weight to determine the required thickness of web material and uses both the wind and gravity to initiate construction of its web, the lack of gravitational force in Skylab provided a new and different stimulus to the spider's behavioral response. Two common cross spiders, Arabella and Anita, were used for the experiment aboard the Skylab-3 mission. After initial disoriented attempts, both spiders produced almost Earth-like webs once they had adapted to weightlessness. In March 1972, NASA and the National Science Teachers Association selected 25 experiment proposals for flight on Skylab. Science advisors from the Marshall Space Flight Center aided and assisted the students in developing the proposals for flight on Skylab. |
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Skylab Earth Resource Experi
…
| Name of Image |
Skylab Earth Resource Experiment Package (EREP) Photograph |
| Date of Image |
1973-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This high-resolution color infrared photograph of the Uncompahgre Plateau area of Colorado was taken by the Multi-spectral Photographic Camera (Skylab EREP Experiment S190A) of the Skylab's Multi-spectral Photographic Facility during the Skylab-3 mission. |
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X-Ray Spectrographic Telesco
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| Name of Image |
X-Ray Spectrographic Telescope - Skylab Experiment S054 |
| Date of Image |
1970-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This photograph details Skylab's X-Ray Spectrographic Telescope, an Apollo Telescope Mount facility. It was designed to sequentially photograph solar flares and other active regions in x-ray spectrum. The Marshall Space Flight Center had program management responsibility for the development of Skylab hardware and experiments. |
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Ultraviolet (UV)/X-Ray Solar
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| Name of Image |
Ultraviolet (UV)/X-Ray Solar Photography - Skylab Experiment S020 |
| Date of Image |
1970-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This 1970 photograph shows Skylab's Ultraviolet (UV)/X-Ray Solar Photography instrument, an Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) facility designed to photograph normal and explosive areas in the solar atmosphere in the x-ray and UV spectra. The Marshall Space Flight Center had program management responsibility for the development of Skylab hardware and experiments. |
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Skylab Orbital Workshop Mock
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| Name of Image |
Skylab Orbital Workshop Mockup at MSFC |
| Date of Image |
1967-09-01 |
| Full Description |
This September 1967 photograph shows workmen removing a mockup of the Saturn V S-IVB stage that housed the Skylab Orbital Workshop (OWS) from the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), building 4755. The mockup was shipped to McDornell Douglas in Huntington, California for design modifications. NASA used the mockup as an engineering design tool to plan structures, equipment, and experiments for Skylab, an orbiting space laboratory. The MSFC had program management responsibility for the development of Skylab hardware and experiments, including the OWS. |
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Seamstresses Stitch a Sun-Sh
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| Title |
Seamstresses Stitch a Sun-Shade for Skylab |
| Full Description |
Two seamstresses stitch together a sun-shade for the Skylab Orbital Workshop, the first United States Experimental space station in orbit, which lost its thermal protection shield during the launch on May 14, 1973. Without the heat shield, the temperature inside the Orbital Workshop became dangerously high, rendering the workshop uninhabitable and threatening the interior insulation and adhesive to deteriorate. Marshall engineers and scientists worked tirelessly around the clock to develop an emergency repair procedure. The Skylab crew and the repair kits were launched just 11 days after the incident. The crew successfully deployed the twin-pole sail parasol sun-shade during their EVA (Extravehicular Activity) the next day. |
| Date |
5/1/1973 |
| NASA Center |
Marshall Space Flight Center |
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The Skylab Airlock Module
| Name of Image |
The Skylab Airlock Module |
| Date of Image |
1972-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This artist's concept is a cutaway illustration of the Skylab Airlock Module and its characteristics. The aft end of the Docking Adapter mated to the Airlock Module (AM), and served as the environmental, electrical, and communications control center. The docking adapter also contained the port through which the astronauts exited to perform extravehicular activity. The AM contained a turnel section through which Skylab crewmen could move between the workshop and the forward end of the airlock. It was encircled, for part of its length, at its aft end by the fixed Airlock Shroud (FAS), that had the same diameter as the workshop (22 feet) and was attached to the workshop's forward end. High pressure containers for oxygen and nitrogen providing Skylab's atmosphere, were mounted in the annular space between the outside of the tunnel and the inside of the shroud. The forward end of the FAS was the base on which the tubular structure supporting the solar observatory was mounted. Many of the supplies, and most of the control systems for Skylab were located in the AM, this module could well be the "utility center" of the Skylab cluster. McDonnell Douglas fabricated the module with close Marshall Space Flight Center's involvement in design, development, and test activities. |
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Terry Quist Discusses Skylab
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| Name of Image |
Terry Quist Discusses Skylab Experiment With NASA Personnel |
| Date of Image |
1972-08-21 |
| Full Description |
Terry C. Quist (center), high school student from San Antonio, Texas, discusses his proposed Skylab experiment with Marshall Space Flight Center?s (MSFC) Henry Floyd (left), coordinator of the Skylab Student Experiment Project, and DR. Raymond Gause, scientific advisor to Quist. The student?s experiment, ?Earth Orbital Neutron Analysis?, was aimed at learning more about the source of neutrons in the solar system by seeking the number and direction from which each comes. Quist was among the 25 winners of a contest in which some 3,500 high school students proposed experiments for the following year?s Skylab mission. Of the 25 students, 6 did not see their experiments conducted on Skylab because the experiments were not compatible with Skylab hardware and timelines. Of the 19 remaining, 11 experiments required the manufacture of equipment, such as Quist?s experiment, which required detector hardware. |
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Capillary Study - Skylab Stu
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| Name of Image |
Capillary Study - Skylab Student Experiment ED-72 |
| Date of Image |
1973-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This chart describes the Skylab student experiment ED-72, Capillary Study, proposed by Roger G. Johnson of St. Paul, Mirnesota. Johnson theorized that capillary rise might continue to infinity in Skylab's zero-gravity environment. The behavior of fluids, particularly their flow properties in a low-gravity environment, had been important from the time that Robert H. Goddard launched his liquid-fueled rockets in the 1920's to the more sophisticated space systems of the day. It was necessary to design fluid-flow systems that would not only overcome the lack of gravity but also overcome, or take advantage of, the effect of surface tension. In March 1972, NASA and the National Science Teachers Association selected 25 experiment proposals for flight on Skylab. Science advisors from the Marshall Space Flight Center aided and assisted the students in developing the proposals for flight on Skylab. |
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Atmospheric Absorption of He
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| Name of Image |
Atmospheric Absorption of Heat - Skylab Student Experiment ED-11 |
| Date of Image |
1973-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This chart describes the Skylab student experiment, Atmospheric Absorption of Heat, proposed by Joe B. Zmolek of Oshkosh, Wisconsin. This experiment utilized Skylab's Earth Resources Experiment spectrometers to determine the attenuation of radiant energy in the visible and near-infrared spectrums for both densely and sparsely populated areas. In March 1972, NASA and the National Science Teachers Association selected 25 experiment proposals for flight on Skylab. Science advisors from the Marshall Space Flight Center aided and assisted the students in developing the proposals for flight on Skylab. |
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Wirners of the Skylab Studen
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| Name of Image |
Wirners of the Skylab Student Program at Marshall Space Flight Center |
| Date of Image |
1972-05-01 |
| Full Description |
One of the most successful of the Skylab educational efforts was the Skylab Student Project. This was a nationwide contest in which secondary school students submitted proposals for experiments to fly on Skylab. After the official announcement of this project, over 4,000 students responded with 3,409 proposals from which 25 winners were selected. In the subsequent evaluation of these 25 proposed experiments in terms of their suitability for flight, the Marshall Space Flight Center, the lead center for Skylab, selected 19. This photograph is a group shot of the 25 winners in the Skylab student program when they met for the first time at the Marshall Space Flight Center in May 1972. |
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Motor Sensory Performance -
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| Name of Image |
Motor Sensory Performance - Skylab Student Experiment ED-41 |
| Date of Image |
1973-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This chart describes the Skylab student experiment Motor Sensory Performance, proposed by Kathy L. Jackson of Houston, Texas. Her proposal was a very simple but effective test to measure the potential degradation of man's motor-sensory skills while weightless. Without knowing whether or not man can retain a high level of competency in the performance of various tasks after long exposure to weightlessness, this capability could not be fully known. Skylab, with its long-duration missions, provided an ideal testing situation. The experiment Kathy Jackson proposed was similar in application to the tasks involved in docking one spacecraft to another using manual control. It required one of the greatest tests of the motor-sensory capabilities of man. In March 1972, NASA and the National Science Teachers Association selected 25 experiment proposals for flight on Skylab. Science advisors from the Marshall Space Flight Center aided and assisted the students in developing the proposals for flight on Skylab. |
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Mass Measurement - Skylab St
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| Name of Image |
Mass Measurement - Skylab Student Experiment ED-74 |
| Date of Image |
1973-01-01 |
| Full Description |
Vincent W. Converse of Rockford, Illinois proposed Skylab's student experiment ED-74, Mass Measurement, to measure mass in a weightless environment. This chart describes Converse's experiment. Mass is the quantity of matter in any object. The gravitational force between an object and the Earth is called weight, which is a result of the Earth's gravity acting upon the object's mass. Even though objects in Skylab were apparently weightless, their mass properties were unchanged. Measurement of mass is therefore an acceptable alternative to measurement of weight. The devices used in this experiment provided accurate mass measurements of the astronauts' weights, intakes, and body wastes throughout the missions. In March 1972, NASA and the National Science Teachers Association selected 25 experiment proposals for flight on Skylab. Science advisors from the Marshall Space Flight Center aided and assisted the students in developing the proposals for flight on Skylab. |
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Ultraviolet (UV) From Pulsar
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| Name of Image |
Ultraviolet (UV) From Pulsars - Skylab Student Experiment ED-26 |
| Date of Image |
1973-01-01 |
| Full Description |
This chart describes the Skylab student experiment Ultraviolet (UV) From Pulsars, proposed by Neal W. Sharnon of Atlanta, Georgia. This experiment was to observe several pulsars with Skylab's UV spectrometer to determine their intensities in that portion of their spectra. A more detailed description of a pulsar's electromagnetic emission profile would be expected to further define means by which its energy is released. Unfortunately, upon examination of the photographic plates containing the data from the experiment, it was found that an alignment error of the spectrometer prevented detection of any of the pulsars. In March 1972, NASA and the National Science Teachers Association selected 25 experiment proposals for flight on Skylab. Science advisors from the Marshall Space Flight Center aided and assisted the students in developing the proposals for flight on Skylab. |
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The Skylab Airlock Module
| Name of Image |
The Skylab Airlock Module |
| Date of Image |
1971-08-01 |
| Full Description |
This photograph, taken during the assembly of the Flight Article of the Skylab Airlock Module (AM) at McDornell Douglas in St. Louis, Missouri, shows the truss assembly. The AM enabled crew members to conduct extravehicular activities outside Skylab as required for experiment support. Separated from the Workshop and the Multiple Docking Adapter by doors, the AM could be evacuated for egress or ingress of a space-suited astronaut through a side hatch. Oxygen and nitrogen storage tanks needed for Skylab's life support system were mounted on the external truss work of the AM. Major components in the AM included Skylab's electric power control and distribution station, environmental control system, communication system, and data handling and recording systems. The Marshall Space Flight Center was responsible for the design and development of the Skylab hardware and experiment management. |
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Miles Discusses Skylab Exper
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| Name of Image |
Miles Discusses Skylab Experiment With NASA Personnel |
| Date of Image |
1972-08-21 |
| Full Description |
Lexington, Massachusetts high school student, Judith Miles, discusses her proposed Skylab experiment with engineers and scientists during a design review of the experiment equipment. At left is Ron Pavlue of Kennedy Space Flight Center (KSC), holding a box is Keith Demorest of Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). Right of Miles is Dr. Raymond Gause, also of MSFC, who is Miles? scientific advisor. In her experiment, called the ?Web Formation in Zero Gravity?, spiders were released into a box and their actions recorded to determine how well they adapt to the absence of gravity. Spiders are known to adapt quickly to other changes in the environment but nothing was known of their ability to adapt to weightlessness. At the same time spiders were weaving webs in Earth orbit, similar spiders were spinning webs in identical boxes on Earth under full gravity conditions. Miles was among the 25 winners of a contest in which some 3,500 high school students proposed experiments for the following year?s Skylab mission. Of the 25 students, 6 did not see their experiments conducted on Skylab because the experiments were not compatible with Skylab hardware and timelines. Of the 19 remaining, 11 experiments required the manufacture of equipment. |
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Robert Staehle Discusses Sky
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| Name of Image |
Robert Staehle Discusses Skylab Experiment With NASA Personnel |
| Date of Image |
1972-08-21 |
| Full Description |
Robert L. Staehle (center), high school student from Harley School, Rochester New York, talks with Steven Hall (advisor to Staehle) and Henry Floyd, both of the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) about his experiment ?Behavior of Bacteria and Bacterial Spores in the Skylab Space Environment?. He was one of the 25 winners of a contest in which some 3,500 high school students proposed experiments for the following year?s Skylab mission. Of the 25 students, 6 did not see their experiments conducted on Skylab because the experiments were not compatible with Skylab hardware and timelines. Of the 19 remaining, 11 experiments required the manufacture of equipment. |
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Launch of the Skylab-2
| Name of Image |
Launch of the Skylab-2 |
| Date of Image |
1973-05-25 |
| Full Description |
This is an image of the Saturn IB vehicle that lifted off on May 25, 1973, carrying the crew of the Skylab-2 (SL-2) mission. The Saturn IV launch vehicle was used to carry a crew of three astronauts to the Skylab. The SL-2 mission launched the first crew to the Skylab, astronauts Charles "Pete" Conrad, Joseph Kerwin and Paul Weitz. This crew made urgent repair work on the damaged Skylab to make it operational and habitable. The goals of the Skylab were to enrich our scientific knowledge of the Earth, the Sun, the stars, and cosmic space, to study the effects of weightlessness on living organisms, including man, to study the effects of the processing and manufacturing of materials utilizing the absence of gravity, and to conduct Earth resource observations. The duration of this mission was 28 days. |
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Saturn IB SA-206 (Skylab 2)
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| Name of Image |
Saturn IB SA-206 (Skylab 2) Launch |
| Date of Image |
1973-05-01 |
| Full Description |
SA-206 lifts off from Kennedy Space Center's launch complex 39B, in Florida, on May 25, 1973, for the first manned Skylab mission (SL-2) with astronauts Pete Conrad, Joseph Kerwin, and Paul Weitz. The Saturn IB, developed under the direction of the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), launched five manned Earth-orbital missions between 1968 and 1975: Apollo 7, Skylab 2, Skylab 3, Skylab 4, and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). |
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Web Formation - Skylab Stude
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| Name of Image |
Web Formation - Skylab Student Experiment ED-52 |
| Date of Image |
1973-01-01 |
| Full Description |
Judith S. Miles of Lexington High School, Lexington, Massachusetts, proposed skylab student experiment ED-52, Web Formation. This experiment was a study of a spider's behavior in a weightless environment. The geometrical structure of the web of the orb-weaving spider provides a good measure of the condition of its central nervous system. Since the spider senses its own weight to determine the required thickness of web material and uses both the wind and gravity to initiate construction of its web, the lack of gravitational force in Skylab provided a new and different stimulus to the spider's behavioral response. Two common cross spiders, Arabella and Anita, were used for the experiment aboard the Skylab-3 mission. After initial disoriented attempts, both spiders produced almost Earth-like webs once they had adapted to weightlessness. This photograph is of Arabella, a cross spider, in her initial attempt at spirning a web. This picture was taken by the crew of the Skylab 3 mission before Arabella adapted to her new environment. |
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Skylab Earth Resource Experi
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| Name of Image |
Skylab Earth Resource Experiment Package (EREP) Photograph |
| Date of Image |
1973-06-01 |
| Full Description |
This EREP color photograph of the Uncompahgre Plateau area of Colorado was taken in June of 1973 by the Skylab Multi-spectral Photographic Camera (Skylab EREP Experiment S190A) of the Multi-spectral Photographic Facility during the Skylab-2 Mission. |
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