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S-1 C & BW -62
Voyager 1 looked back at Sat …
12/4/80
Date 12/4/80
Description Voyager 1 looked back at Saturn on Nov. 16, 1980, four days after the spacecraft flew past the planet, to observe the appearance of Saturn and its rings from this unique perspective. A few of the spokelike ring features discovered by Voyager appear in the rings as bright patches in this image, taken at a distance of 5.3 million kilometers (3.3 million miles) from the planet. Saturn's shadow falls upon the rings, and the bright Saturn crescent is seen through all but the densest portion of the rings. From Saturn, Voyager 1 is on a trajectory taking the spacecraft out of the ecliptic plane, away from the Sun and eventually out of the solar system (by about 1990). Although its mission to Jupiter and Saturn is nearly over (the Saturn encounter ends Dec. 18, 1980), Voyager 1 will be tracked by the Deep Space Network as far as possible in an effort to determine where the influence of the Sun ends and interstellar space begins. Voyager 1's flight path through interstellar space is in the direction of the constellation Ophiuchus. Voyager 2 will reach Saturn on August 25, 1981, and is targeted to encounter Uranus in 1986 and possibly Neptune in 1989. The Voyager project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California. #####
Solar System Montage of Voya …
Title Solar System Montage of Voyager Images
Full Description This montage of images taken by the Voyager spacecraft of the planets and four of Jupiter's moons is set against a false-color Rosette Nebula with Earth's moon in the foreground. Studying and mapping Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and many of their moons, Voyager provided scientists with better images and data than they had ever had before or expected from the program. Although launched sixteen days after Voyager 2, Voyager 1's trajectory was a faster path, arriving at Jupiter in March 1979. Voyager 2 arrived about four months later in July 1979. Both spacecraft were then directed to Saturn with Voyager 1 arriving in November 1980 and Voyager 2 in August 1981. Voyager 2 was then diverted to the remaining gas giants, Uranus in January 1986 and Neptune in August 1989. Data collection continues by both Voyager 1 and 2 as the renamed Voyager Interstellar Mission searches for the edge of the solar wind influence (the heliopause) and exits the Solar System. A shortened list of the discoveries of Voyager 1 and 2 include:the discovery of the Uranian and Neptunian magnetospheres (magnetic environments caused by various types of planet cores), the discovery of twenty-two new satellites including three at Jupiter, three at Saturn, ten at Uranus, and six at Neptune, Io was found to have active volcanism (the only other Solar System body than Earth to be confirmed), Triton was found to have active geyser-like structures and an atmosphere, Auroral Zones (where gases become excited after being hit by solar particles) were discovered at Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune, Jupiter was found to have rings, Neptune, originally thought to be too cold to support such atmospheric disturbances, had large-scale storms.
Date UNKNOWN
NASA Center Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Voyager Redux
Description Voyager Redux
Full Description During Cassini's Dec. 26 flyby of Titan, the spacecraft will be in the same region that NASA's Voyager 1 flew by in 1980. Cassini's path through the tail of Titan's magnetic field will provide scientists new data to compare with what Voyager found 25 years ago. + View Flyby Page
Date December 21, 2005
Crescent Earth and Moon
PIA00013
Sol (our sun)
Title Crescent Earth and Moon
Original Caption Released with Image This picture of a crescent-shaped Earth and Moon -- the first of its kind ever taken by a spacecraft -- was recorded Sept. 18, 1977, by NASA's Voyager 1 when it was 7.25 million miles (11.66 million kilometers) from Earth. The Moon is at the top of the picture and beyond the Earth as viewed by Voyager. In the picture are eastern Asia, the western Pacific Ocean and part of the Arctic. Voyager 1 was directly above Mt. Everest (on the night side of the planet at 25 degrees north latitude) when the picture was taken. The photo was made from three images taken through color filters, then processed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Image Processing Lab. Because the Earth is many times brighter than the Moon, the Moon was artificially brightened by a factor of three relative to the Earth by computer enhancement so that both bodies would show clearly in the print. Voyager 2 was launched Aug. 20, 1977, followed by Voyager 1 on Sept. 5, 1977, en route to encounters at Jupiter in 1979 and Saturn in 1980 and 1981. JPL manages the Voyager mission for NASA's Office of Space Science.
Saturn's B-ring
PIA02274
Saturn
Imaging Science Subsystem - …
Title Saturn's B-ring
Original Caption Released with Image Prominent dark spokes are visible in the outer half of Saturn?s broad B-ring in this Voyager 2 photograph taken on Aug. 3, 1981 from a range of about 22 million kilometers (14 million miles). The features appear as filamentary markings about 12,000 kilometers (7,S00 miles) long, which rotate around the planet with the motion of particles in the rings. The nature of these features, discovered by Voyager 1, is not totally understood, but scientists believe the spokes may be caused by dust levitated above the ring plane by electric fields, Voyager 2 photography of the rings edge-on, scheduled for Aug. 25, 1981, will provide an opportunity to test that theory. Because the Sun is now illuminating the rings from a higher angle, Voyager 2's photographs reveal ring structure from a greater distance than that seen by Voyager 1 in its November 1980 encounter. The Voyager project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
Crescent-shaped Earth and Mo …
PIA01967
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem - …
Title Crescent-shaped Earth and Moon
Original Caption Released with Image This picture of a crescent-shaped Earth and Moon -- the first of its kind ever taken by a spacecraft -- was recorded Sept. 18, 1977, by NASA's Voyager 1 when it was 7.25 million miles (11.66 million kilometers) from Earth. The Moon is at the top of the picture and beyond the Earth as viewed by Voyager. In the picture are eastern Asia, the western Pacific Ocean and part of the Arctic. Voyager 1 was directly above Mt. Everest (on the night side of the planet at 25 degrees north latitude) when the picture was taken. The photo was made from three images taken through color filters, then processed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Image Processing Lab. Because the Earth is many times brighter than the Moon, the Moon was artificially brightened by a factor of three relative to the Earth by computer enhancement so that both bodies would show clearly in the print. Voyager 2 was launched Aug. 20, 1977, followed by Voyager 1 on Sept. 5, 1977, en route to encounters at Jupiter in 1979 and Saturn in 1980 and 1981. JPL manages the Voyager mission for NASA.
Saturn's Shadow
title Saturn's Shadow
date 11.16.1980
description Voyager 1 looked back at Saturn on Nov. 16, 1980, four days after the spacecraft flew past the planet, to observe the appearance of Saturn and its rings from this unique perspective. A few of the spokelike ring features discovered by Voyager appear in the rings as bright patches in this image, taken at a distance of 5.3 million kilometers (3.3 million miles) from the planet. Saturn's shadow falls upon the rings and the bright Saturn crescent is seen through all but the densest portion of the rings. From Saturn, Voyager 1 is on a trajectory taking the spacecraft out of the ecliptic plane, away from the Sun and eventually out of the solar system (by about 1990). Although its mission to Jupiter and Saturn is nearly over (the Saturn encounter ends Dec. 18, 1980), Voyager 1 will be tracked by the Deep Space Network as far as possible in an effort to determine where the influence of the Sun ends and interstellar space begins. Voyager 1's flight path through interstellar space is in the direction of the constellation Ophiuchus. *Image Credit*: NASA
S-1 C/BW -59
This montage of images of th …
11/17/80
Date 11/17/80
Description This montage of images of the Saturnian system was prepared from an assemblage of images taken by the Voyager 1 spacecraft during its Saturn encounter in November 1980. This artist's view shows Dione in the forefront, Saturn rising behind, Tethys and Mimas fading in the distance to the right, Enceladus and Rhea off Saturn's rings to the left, and Titan in its distant orbit at the top. The Voyager Project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California.
Saturn's B-ring
Title Saturn's B-ring
Description Prominent dark spokes are visible in the outer half of Saturn's broad B-ring in this Voyager 2 photograph taken on Aug. 3, 1981 from a range of about 22 million kilometers (14 million miles). The features appear as filamentary markings about 12,000 kilometers (7,S00 miles) long, which rotate around the planet with the motion of particles in the rings. The nature of these features, discovered by Voyager 1, is not totally understood, but scientists believe the spokes may be caused by dust levitated above the ring plane by electric fields, Voyager 2 photography of the rings edge-on, scheduled for Aug. 25, 1981, will provide an opportunity to test that theory. Because the Sun is now illuminating the rings from a higher angle, Voyager 2's photographs reveal ring structure from a greater distance than that seen by Voyager 1 in its November 1980 encounter. The Voyager project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
Date 08.13.1981
Saturn's Moon Tethys
Title Saturn's Moon Tethys
Explanation Tethys [ http://www.c3.lanl.gov/~cjhamil/SolarSystem/tethys.html ] is one of the larger and closer moons of Saturn [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap951018.html ]. It was visited by both Voyager spacecraft - Voyager 1 in November 1980 and by Voyager 2 in August 1981. Tethys [ http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/tethys.html ] is now known to be composed almost completely of water ice. Tethys shows a large impact crater that nearly circles the planet. That the impact that caused this crater did not disrupt the moon is taken as evidence that Tethys was not completely frozen in its past. Tethys has two moons named Telesto [ http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/tethys.html#telesto ] and Calypso [ http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/tethys.html#calypso ] that orbit just ahead of it and behind it. Tethys was originally discovered in 1684 by Giovanni Cassini.
Montage of Saturnian system …
Name of Image Montage of Saturnian system by Voyager 1 spacecraft
Date of Image 1980-12-17
Full Description Voyager 1 passed the Saturnian system in November 1980, nine months later Voyager 2 passed through this same system. The ensuing scientific discoveries were unprecedented with regards to the rings around Saturn and its satellite's chemical makeup. Pictured are: Saturn (shown with rings), Dione (forefront), Tethys and Mimas (lower right), Enceladus and Rhea (upper left) and Titan in distant orbit (upper right).
Description Here on the Gallery page you can find the very latest images, videos and products from the Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn, including the spectacular launch, spacecraft assembly and the exciting trip to Saturn.
Full Description This enhanced-color image was created by combining three images taken through ultraviolet, violet and green filters on July 12, 1981. Several changes were apparent in Saturn's atmosphere since Voyager 1's November 1980 encounter, and the planet's rings had brightened considerably due to the higher sun angle. Voyager 2 was 43 million kilometers (27 million miles) from Saturn when it took this photograph. (P-23880)
Titan's thick haze layer
Title Titan's thick haze layer
Description Titan's thick haze layer is shown in this enhanced Voyager 1 image taken Nov. 12, 1980 at a distance of 435,000 kilometers (270,000 miles). Voyager images of Saturn's largest moon show Titan completely enveloped by haze that merges with a darker "hood" or cloud layer over the north pole. Such a mantle is not present at the south pole. At Voyager's closest approach to Titan on Nov. 11, 1980, spacecraft instruments found that the moon has a substantial atmosphere, far denser than that of Mars and possibly denser than Earth's. The Voyager Project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
Date 11.14.1980
Rhea: Saturn's Second Larges …
Title Rhea: Saturn's Second Largest Moon
Explanation Rhea [ http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/rhea.html ] is the second largest moon of Saturn [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950705.html ], behind Titan [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950923.html ], and the largest without an atmosphere. It is composed mostly of water ice, but has a small rocky core. Rhea [ http://www.c3.lanl.gov/~cjhamil/SolarSystem/rhea.html ]'s rotation and orbit are locked together (just like Earth's Moon) so that one side always faces Saturn. A consequence of this is that one side always leads the other. Rhea's leading surface is much more heavily cratered than its trailing surface. The above photograph was taken with the Voyager 1 spacecraft in 1980.
Saturn's Atmospheric Changes
PIA03152
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem - …
Title Saturn's Atmospheric Changes
Original Caption Released with Image Saturn's rings are bright and its northern hemisphere defined by bright features as NASA's Voyager 2 approaches Saturn, which it will encounter on Aug. 25, 1981. Three images, taken through ultraviolet, violet and green filters on July 12, 1981, were combined to make this photograph. Several changes are apparent in Saturn's atmosphere since Voyager 1's November 1980 encounter, and the planet's rings have brightened considerably due to the higher sun angle. Voyager 2 was 43 million kilometers (27 million miles) from Saturn when it took this photograph. The Voyager project is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
Saturn's B rings
PIA02289
Saturn
Imaging Science Subsystem - …
Title Saturn's B rings
Original Caption Released with Image This narrow-angle camera image of Saturn's B Ring and Cassini Division was taken through the Clear filter from a distance of 12.6 million km on 3 November 1980. The Cassini Division separating the A and B Rings is clearly not an empty region. The Division shows several substantial well-defined ringlets. JPL managed the Voyager Project for NASA's Office of Space Science.
Description Departing Saturn
Full Description Voyager 1 looked back at Saturn on November 16, 1980, four days after the spacecraft flew past the planet, to observe the appearance of Saturn and its rings from this unique perspective. A few of the spokelike ring features discovered by Voyager appear in the rings as bright patches in this image, taken at a distance of 5.3 million kilometers (3.3 million miles) from the planet. Saturn's shadow falls upon the rings, and the bright Saturn crescent is seen through all but the densest portion of the rings. For a high resolution image, click here.
Description Departing Saturn
Full Description Voyager 1 looked back at Saturn on November 16, 1980, four days after the spacecraft flew past the planet, to observe the appearance of Saturn and its rings from this unique perspective. A few of the spokelike ring features discovered by Voyager appear in the rings as bright patches in this image, taken at a distance of 5.3 million kilometers (3.3 million miles) from the planet. Saturn's shadow falls upon the rings, and the bright Saturn crescent is seen through all but the densest portion of the rings. For a high resolution image, click here.
Saturn System Montage
Title Saturn System Montage
Full Description This montage of images of the Saturnian system was prepared from an assemblage of images taken by the Voyager 1 spacecraft during its Saturn encounter in November 1980. This artist's view shows Dione in the forefront, Saturn rising behind, Tethys and Mimas fading in the distance to the right, Enceladus and Rhea off Saturn's rings to the left, and Titan in its distant orbit at the top. The Voyager Project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California.
Date 11/17/1980
NASA Center Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Saturn's Moon Tethys
Title Saturn's Moon Tethys
Explanation Tethys is one of the larger and closer moons of Saturn. It was visited by both Voyager spacecraft [ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/ ] - Voyager 1 in November 1980 and by Voyager [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap960629.html ] 2 in August 1981. Tethys [ http://www.nineplanets.org/tethys.html ] is now known to be composed almost completely of water ice. Tethys [ http://www.solarviews.com/eng/tethys.htm ] shows a large impact crater [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap990711.html ] that nearly circles the planet. That the impact that caused this crater did not disrupt the moon is taken as evidence that Tethys [ http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/features/planets/saturn/tethys.html ] was not completely frozen in its past. Two smaller moons, Telesto [ http://www.nineplanets.org/tethys.html#telesto ] and Calypso [ http://www.nineplanets.org/tethys.html#calypso ], orbit Saturn [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/saturn.html ] just ahead of and behind Tethys. Giovanni Cassini [ http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Cassini.html ] discovered Tethys in 1684. In 1997, NASA [ http://www.nasa.gov/ ] launched [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap971016.html ] a spacecraft named Cassini [ http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/cassini/english/spacecraft/ ] to Saturn that will arrive in 2004.
Saturn System Montage
PIA01482
Sol (our sun)
Title Saturn System Montage
Original Caption Released with Image This montage of images of the Saturnian system was prepared from an assemblage of images taken by the Voyager 1 spacecraft during its Saturn encounter in November 1980. This artist's view shows Dione in the forefront, Saturn rising behind, Tethys and Mimas fading in the distance to the right, Enceladus and Rhea off Saturn's rings to the left, and Titan in its distant orbit at the top. The Voyager Project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California.
Voyager Views Titan's Haze
Title Voyager Views Titan's Haze
Explanation Launched in 1977, 25 years ago [ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/ planetary.html ] today, the Voyager 1 [ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/ MasterCatalog?sc=1977-084A ] spacecraft's historic tour of the outer Solar System took it past Saturn in late 1980. On November 12, 1980, Voyager 1 recorded this view [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/ PIAGenCatalogPage.pl?PIA01533 ] looking across the edge of Titan [ http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/ nineplanets/titan.html ], Saturn's largest moon, from a distance of about 22,000 kilometers. Seen in false color, the moon's [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap990207.html ] hazy atmosphere [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/ PIAGenCatalogPage.pl?PIA02238 ] appears orange with further layers of blue haze suspended above. Titan's mostly nitrogen atmosphere, denser than planet Earth's, also contains methane [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap020212.html ] and is thought to be laced with more complex hydrogen and carbon compounds. The composition is likened [ http://www.lifeinuniverse.org/noflash/ Titanstate-06-02-01-01.html ] to Earth's atmosphere before life began. Spotted by Voyager [ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/ saturn_titan.html ], the detached layers of haze hundreds of kilometers above the surface, along with details of Titan's atmospheric chemistry, have intrigued earth-bound researchers [ http://amesnews.arc.nasa.gov/releases/2002/ 02_93AR.html ] who have recently proposed a model that links seasonal variations in the haze, winds, and sunlight. Their model accounts for [ http://skyandtelescope.com/news/current/ article_716_1.asp ] the early Voyager observations as well as subsequent studies [ http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~lemmon/titan/ ]. Further tests of the model are anticipated when the Huygens probe [ http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/cassini/english/spacecraft/ probe.shtml ], carried by the saturn-bound [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap971016.html ] Cassini spacecraft, enters Titan's atmosphere in 2005.
Description Here on the Gallery page you can find the very latest images, videos and products from the Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn, including the spectacular launch, spacecraft assembly and the exciting trip to Saturn.
Full Description Voyager 1 looked back at Saturn on November 16, 1980, four days after the spacecraft flew past the planet, to observe Saturn and its rings from this unique perspective. A few of the spoke-like ring features discovered by Voyager appear in the rings as bright patches in this image, taken at a distance of 5.3 million kilometers (3.3 million miles) from the planet. Saturn's shadow falls upon the rings, and the bright Saturn crescent is seen through all but the densest portion of the rings. For higher resolution, click here.
Description Here on the Gallery page you can find the very latest images, videos and products from the Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn, including the spectacular launch, spacecraft assembly and the exciting trip to Saturn.
Full Description This computer-enhanced photo of Saturn, taken November 13, 1980, by Voyager 1, shows Saturn's rings and their shadows against the lighted crescent of the planet. The photo was taken from a distance of 1,570,000 kilometers (930,000 miles) beyond the planet. The bright, overexposed limb of Saturn is visible through the rings. The inner or C-ring scatters light in a way that causes it to look bluer that the outer A- and B- rings. Radial spokes in the B-ring, which appeared dark in pictures taken when Voyager 1 was approaching Saturn, can be seen here as bright markings. The thin F-ring displays brightness variations that are caused by non-uniform distribution of material in the ring. (P-23346)
Description Here on the Gallery page you can find the very latest images, videos and products from the Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn, including the spectacular launch, spacecraft assembly and the exciting trip to Saturn.
Full Description Voyager 1 looked back at Saturn on November 16, 1980, four days after the spacecraft flew past the planet, to observe Saturn and its rings from this unique perspective. A few of the spoke-like ring features discovered by Voyager appear in the rings as bright patches in this image, taken at a distance of 5.3 million kilometers (3.3 million miles) from the planet. Saturn's shadow falls upon the rings, and the bright Saturn crescent is seen through all but the densest portion of the rings. For higher resolution, click here.
Clumps in the F Ring
Description Here on the Gallery page you can find the very latest images, videos and products from the Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn, including the spectacular launch, spacecraft assembly and the exciting trip to Saturn.
Full Description Scientists have only a rough idea of the lifetime of clumps in Saturn's rings - a mystery that Cassini may help answer. The latest images taken by the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft show clumps seemingly embedded within Saturn¿s narrow, outermost F ring. The narrow angle camera took the images on Feb. 23, 2004, from a distance of 62.9 million kilometers (39 million miles). The two images taken nearly two hours apart show these clumps as they revolve about the planet. The small dot at center right in the second image is one of Saturn's small moons, Janus, which is 181 kilometers, (112 miles) across. Like all particles in Saturn's ring system, these clump features orbit the planet in the same direction in which the planet rotates. This direction is clockwise as seen from Cassini's southern vantage point below the ring plane. Two clumps in particular, one of them extended, is visible in the upper part of the F ring in the image on the left, and in the lower part of the ring in the image on the right. Other knot-like irregularities in the ring's brightness are visible in the image on the right. The core of the F ring is about 50 kilometers (31miles) wide, and from Cassini's current distance, is not fully visible. The imaging team enhanced the contrast of the images and magnified them to aid visibility of the F ring and the clump features. The camera took the images with the green filter, which is centered at 568 nanometers. The image scale is 377 kilometers (234 miles) per pixel. NASA¿s two Voyager spacecraft that flew past Saturn in 1980 and 1981 were the first to see these clumps. The Voyager data suggest that the clumps change very little and can be tracked as they orbit for 30 days or more. No clump survived from the time of the first Voyager flyby to the Voyager 2 flyby nine months later. Scientists are not certain of the cause of these features. Among the theories proposed are meteoroid bombardments and inter-particle collisions in the F ring. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Cassini-Huygens mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The imaging team is based at the Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colo. For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit, http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov and the Cassini imaging team home page, http://ciclops.org . Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute
Titan: Saturn's Smog Moon
Title Titan: Saturn's Smog Moon
Explanation The largest moon of Saturn [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950705.html ] is a rare wonder. Titan is the only one of Saturn [ http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/titan.html ]'s moons with an atmosphere, and one of only two moons in the Solar System [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950819.html ] with this distinction (Neptune [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950817.html ]'s Triton [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950805.html ] is the other). Titan [ http://www.c3.lanl.gov/~cjhamil/SolarSystem/titan.html ]'s thick cloudy atmosphere is mostly nitrogen, like Earth [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950622.html ]'s, but contains much higher percentages of "smog-like" chemicals such as methane and ethane. The smog may be so thick that it actually rains "gasoline-like" liquids. The organic nature of some of the chemicals found in Titan's atmosphere cause some to speculate that Titan may harbor life! Because of its thick cloud cover, however, Titan's actual surface properties remain mysterious. Voyager [ http://vraptor.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/voyager.html ] 1 flew by in 1980 taking the above picture, and recently much has been learned from Hubble Space Telescope observations [ http://www.stsci.edu/pubinfo/PR/94/55.html ]. The Cassini mission [ http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/mip/cassini.html ] currently scheduled for launch in 1997 will map Titan's surface, helping to solve some of its mysteries.
Mimas: Small Moon with A Big …
Title Mimas: Small Moon with A Big Crater
Explanation Mimas [ http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/mimas.html ] is one of the smaller moons of Saturn [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950705.html ] but shows one of the largest impact craters! In fact, if the impact had been much greater, it would have disrupted the entire satellite. The large crater has been named Herschel after the 1789 discoverer of Mimas, Sir William Herschel [ http://star.arm.ac.uk/history/herschel.html ]. Mimas' low mass produces a surface gravity just strong enough to create a spherical body but weak enough to allow such relatively large surface features. Mimas [ http://www.c3.lanl.gov/~cjhamil/SolarSystem/mimas.html ] is made of mostly water ice with a smattering of rock - so it is accurately described as a big dirty snowball. Voyager [ http://vraptor.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/voyager.html ] 1 flew by in 1980 and took the above picture.
Mimas: Small Moon with a Big …
Title Mimas: Small Moon with a Big Crater
Explanation Mimas [ http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/mimas.html ] is one of the smaller moons of Saturn [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970921.html ] but shows one of the largest impact craters. In fact, if the impact had been much greater, it would have disrupted the entire satellite [ http://www.badastronomy.com/bitesize/mimas.html ]. The large crater has been named Herschel after the 1789 discoverer of Mimas, Sir William Herschel [ http://star.arm.ac.uk/history/herschel.html ]. Mimas' low mass produces a surface gravity just strong enough to create a spherical body but weak enough to allow such relatively large surface features. Mimas [ http://www.hawastsoc.org/solar/eng/mimas.htm ] is made of mostly water ice with a smattering of rock - so it is accurately described as a big dirty snowball. Voyager [ http://vraptor.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/voyager.html ] 1 flew by in 1980 and took the above picture.
Titan's Brighter Southern He …
Title Titan's Brighter Southern Hemisphere
Description Titan, the largest of Saturn's 14 known satellites, shows little more than the upper layers of clouds covering the moon in this Voyager 1 picture, taken on November 4, 1980 at a range of 12 million kilometers (7,560,000 miles). The orange colored haze, believed to be composed of photochemically produced hydrocarbons, hides Titan's solid surface from the Voyager cameras. Some weak shadings in the clouds are becoming visible. However, note that the satellite's southern (lower) hemisphere is brighter than the northern. It is not known whether these subtle shadings are on the surface or are due to clouds below a high haze layer. The Voyager project is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA.
Date 11.06.1980
Saturn At Night
Title Saturn At Night
Explanation From a spectacular [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970829.html ] vantage point over 1.4 billion [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap980620.html ] kilometers from the sun, the Voyager [ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/voyager.html ] 1 spacecraft looked back toward the inner solar system to record this startling view [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/ PIAGenCatalogPage.pl?PIA00335 ] of Saturn's nightside. The picture was taken on November 16, 1980, some four days after the robot spacecraft's closest approach to the gorgeous gas giant [ http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/saturn.html ]. The crescent planet casts a broad shadow [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap000212.html ] across its bright rings while the translucent rings themselves can be seen to cast a shadow on Saturn's cloud tops [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap951018.html ]. Since Earth is closer to the sun than Saturn [ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-saturn.html ], only Saturn's dayside is visible to Earth-bound telescopes [ http://www.seds.org/billa/bigeyes.html ] which could never take a picture like this one. After this successful [ http://vraptor.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/vgrsat_fs.html ] flyby two decades ago, Voyager 1 has continued outward bound [ http://vraptor.jpl.nasa.gov/flteam/weekly-rpts/current.html ] and is presently humanity's most distant spacecraft [ http://vraptor.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/ vimdesc.html ]. The next spacecraft to approach Saturn will be Cassini [ http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cassini/ ], on course to arrive in 2004.
Saturn's Atmospheric Changes
Title Saturn's Atmospheric Changes
Description Saturn's rings are bright and its northern hemisphere defined by bright features as NASA's Voyager 2 approaches Saturn, which it will encounter on Aug. 25, 1981. Three images, taken through ultraviolet, violet and green filters on July 12, 1981, were combined to make this photograph. Several changes are apparent in Saturn's atmosphere since Voyager 1's November 1980 encounter, and the planet's rings have brightened considerably due to the higher sun angle. Voyager 2 was 43 million kilometers (27 million miles) from Saturn when it took this photograph. The Voyager project is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
Date 08.22.1981
Saturn With Tethys and Dione
Description Saturn With Tethys and Dione
Full Description Saturn and two of its moons, Tethys (above) and Dione, were photographed by Voyager 1 on November 3, 1980, from 13 million kilometers (8 million miles). The shadows of Saturn's three bright rings and Tethys are cast onto the cloud tops. The limb of the planet can be seen easily through the 3,500-kilometer-wide (2,170 mile) Cassini Division, which separates ring A from ring B. The view through the much narrower Encke Division, near the outer edge of ring A is less clear. Beyond the Encke Division (at left) is the faintest of Saturn's three bright rings, the C-ring or crepe ring, barely visible against the planet. The Voyager Project is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA. *Credit*: NASA/JPL
Date January 29, 1996
D Ring Revelations
Description D Ring Revelations
Full Description This montage of images from the NASA Cassini and Voyager missions shows that structural evolution has occurred in Saturn's D ring (the innermost ring) during the quarter century separating the two missions. The inset image reveals structure with an unprecedented level of fine detail. The lower panel was taken in 1980 by Voyager 1 from a distance of about 250,000 kilometers (155,000 miles). The bright material at the lower left is the inner edge of the C-ring. Interior to this feature, we see three discrete ringlets. From right to left, these are called D73, D72 and D68, respectively. The upper panel, obtained by Cassini from a distance of 272,000 kilometers (169,000 miles) on May 3, 2005, shows the same region from a similar viewing geometry. The green line marks the edge of the C-ring, which was not overexposed like the Voyager image. Image scale in this Cassini view is about 13 kilometers (8 miles). There have been some very significant changes in the appearance of the D ring since observed by Voyager. The most dramatic changes involve D72, which was the brightest feature in the D-ring 25 years ago. Since then, D72 has decreased in brightness by more than an order of magnitude relative to the other ringlets. It also has moved inward about 200 kilometers (125 miles) relative to the other features in the D ring. Cassini has also observed the D-ring at much higher resolution than was possible for Voyager, revealing surprising fine-scale structures. The inset narrow-angle camera image (upper right) was taken on May 21, 2005, in a very different geometry from the larger scale Cassini panel to its left. This close-up shows the region between D73 and the C-ring at 2 kilometer (1 mile) per pixel resolution. This region contains a periodic wave-like structure with a wavelength of 30 kilometers (19 miles). The faint vertical bands in the image are instrumental artifacts. As for the significance of these findings, the time-variability of the rings over only decades can provide information about how the rings are maintained and confined, and how long they last. The fine structure in the D-ring (visible in the inset) could be related to perturbations from the planet or its magnetic field. The Cassini results provide information about the dynamics of ring particles in a new regime -- one very close to the planet and sparsely populated by icy particles the size of dust. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo. For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov . The Cassini imaging, team homepage is at http://ciclops.org . Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute
Date September 5, 2005
Titan's Brighter Southern He …
PIA00733
Saturn
Imaging Science Subsystem - …
Title Titan's Brighter Southern Hemisphere
Original Caption Released with Image Titan, the largest of Saturn's 14 known satellites, shows little more than the upper layers of clouds covering the moon in this Voyager 1 picture, taken on November 4, 1980 at a range of 12 million kilometers (7,560,000 miles). The orange colored haze, believed to be composed of photochemically produced hydrocarbons, hides Titan's solid surface from the Voyager cameras. Some weak shadings in the clouds are becoming visible. However, note that the satellite's southern (lower) hemisphere is brighter than the northern. It is not known whether these subtle shadings are on the surface or are due to clouds below a high haze layer. The Voyager project is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA.
Saturn - False Color of Sout …
PIA00025
Sol (our sun)
Title Saturn - False Color of Southern Hemisphere
Original Caption Released with Image This false-color image of Saturn's southern hemisphere taken by NASA's Voyager 1 on Nov. 6, 1980, shows the unique red oval cloud feature located at 55 degrees south latitude. The photograph was taken by the spacecraft at a distance of 8,500,000 kilometers (5,300,000 miles) from Saturn. The difference in color between the red oval and surrounding bluish clouds indicates that material within the oval contains a substance that absorbs more blue and violet light than the bluish clouds. Voyager imaging team scientists first observed the oval in August 1980, and the feature has seemed to retain its appearance since its discovery. The Voyager Project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
Dione - circular impact crat …
Title Dione - circular impact craters
Description Circular impact craters up to about 100 kilometers (60 miles) in diameter are seen in this view of Saturn's icy moon Dione. The image was taken by Voyager 1 from a range of 790,000 kilometers (500,000 miles) at 2:20 a.m. PST on November 12. Bright, wispy markings form complex arcuate patterns on the surface. These markings are slightly brighter than the brightest features seen by Voyager on Jupiter's moons, suggesting that they are surface frost deposits. The patterns of the bright bands hint at an origin due to internal geologic activity, but the resolution is not yet sufficient to prove or disprove this idea. Dione's diameter is only 1100 kilometers (700 miles), much smaller than any of Jupiter's icy moons. It thus belongs to a class of small, icy objects never observed before the Voyager I Saturn encounter. The view here is of the face which trails in orbit. The Voyager Project is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA.
Date 11.12.1980
Saturn's satellite Rhea
Title Saturn's satellite Rhea
Description Bright streaks and blotches are visible against a darker back-ground on the surface of Saturn's satellite Rhea, seen in this Voyager 1 image taken Nov. 11, 1980 from a range of 1,925,000 kilometers (1,196,000 miles). Even the dark areas, thought to be water frost and ice, are fairly bright with about 50 percent reflectance. The bright streaks may be related to impacts by objects that throw out pulverized ice grains from beneath the ice-covered surface. Some of the bright streaks are not straight but have a curved appearance similar to the grooved, icy terrain on Jupiter's satellite Ganymede seen in Voyager photographs taken at this resolution. Scientists do knot yet know if a satellite of Rhea's size (approximately 1,500 kilometers or 900 miles in diameter) can have an active thermal history like Ganymede's, but higher resolution photographs taken by Voyager should reveal clues to its history. The Voyager Project is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA.
Date 11.11.1980
Dione's Lagrange Moon Helene
Title Dione's Lagrange Moon Helene
Explanation Saturn [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950705.html ]'s moon Helene [ http://www.c3.lanl.gov/~cjhamil/SolarSystem/helene.html ] is very unusual in that it circles Saturn [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950801.html ] near the orbit of a bigger moon: Dione [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap951009.html ]. Helene is situated in what is called a "Lagrange point" of Dione - a place of stability created by Dione's gravity. Were Helene [ http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/dione.html#helene ] to stray slightly from its orbit 1/6 ahead of Dione, the larger moon's gravity would cause Helene to move back toward the Lagrange point. Many massive orbital bodies have stable Lagrange points, including the Earth and Moon. Helene was discovered from the ground by P. Laques & J. Lecacheux in 1980. The photograph above was taken by Voyager 2 as it passed Saturn in 1981. NASA's Cassini [ http://newproducts.jpl.nasa.gov/calendar/cassini.html ] mission to Saturn is currently scheduled for launch in October 1997.
Titan: Saturn's Smog Moon
Title Titan: Saturn's Smog Moon
Explanation The largest moon of Saturn [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/saturn.html ] is a rare wonder. Titan [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/titan.html ] is the only one of Saturn's moons with an atmosphere, and one of only two moons in the Solar System [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/overview.html ] with this distinction (Neptune's Triton [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap971123.html ] is the other). Titan's thick cloudy atmosphere is mostly nitrogen, like Earth's, but contains much higher percentages of "smog-like" chemicals such as methane and ethane. The smog may be so thick that it actually rains "gasoline-like" liquids. The organic nature of some of the chemicals found in Titan [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap951021.html ]'s atmosphere cause some to speculate that Titan may harbor life! Because of its thick cloud cover, however, Titan's actual surface properties remain mysterious. Voyager 1 flew by in 1980 taking the above picture, and more recently much has been learned from observations [ http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pr/94/55.html ] by the Hubble Space Telescope [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970306.html ]. The Cassini mission [ http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cassini/ ] launched in 1997 will map Titan's surface in 2004, helping to solve some of its mysteries.
Iapetus
PIA02291
Saturn
Imaging Science Subsystem - …
Title Iapetus
Original Caption Released with Image This narrow-angle camera image of Saturn's mysterious satellite Iapetus was taken through the Clear filter from a distance of 2.5 million km on 15 November 1980. The dramatic brightness change between hemispheres is clearly seen here. Even with the bright side overexposed, the dark surface is still not visible. JPL managed the Voyager Project for NASA's Office of Space Science.
Saturn's F-Ring
PIA02292
Saturn
Imaging Science Subsystem - …
Title Saturn's F-Ring
Original Caption Released with Image This narrow-angle camera image of Saturn's F Ring was taken through the Clear filter while at a distance of 0.75 million km from Saturn on 12 November 1980. The kinks and braids of this tightly-constrained ring are visible along with the outer edge of the A Ring. JPL managed the Voyager Project for NASA's Office of Space Science.
Saturn's F-Ring
PIA02293
Saturn
Imaging Science Subsystem - …
Title Saturn's F-Ring
Original Caption Released with Image This narrow-angle camera image of Saturn's F Ring was taken through the Clear filter while at a distance of 6.9 million km from Saturn on 8 November 1980. The brightness variations of this tightly-constrained ring shown here indicate that the ring is less uniform in makeup than the larger rings. JPL managed the Voyager Project for NASA's Office of Space Science
Jupiter with Io Crossing
PIA00455
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem - …
Title Jupiter with Io Crossing
Original Caption Released with Image Jupiter's satellite Io poses before the giant planet in this photo returned January 17, 1979, from a distance of 29 million miles (47 million kilometers). The satellite's shadow can be seen falling on the face of Jupiter at left. Io is traveling from left to right in its one-and-three-quarter-day orbit around Jupiter. Even from this great distance the image of Io shows dark poles and a bright equatorial region. Voyager will make its closest approach to Jupiter -- 174,000 miles (280,000 kilometer) -- on March 5. It will then continue to Saturn in November 1980, Meanwhile Voyager 2, a sister spacecraft, will fly past Jupiter July 9, 1979, and reach Saturn in August 1981. This color image was taken through orange, green and blue filters. The Voyagers are managed for NASA's Office of Space Science by Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Saturn With Tethys and Dione
title Saturn With Tethys and Dione
date 01.29.1996
description Saturn and two of its moons, Tethys (above) and Dione, were photographed by Voyager 1 on November 3, 1980, from 13 million kilometers (8 million miles). The shadows of Saturn's three bright rings and Tethys are cast onto the cloud tops. The limb of the planet can be seen easily through the 3,500-kilometer-wide (2,170 mile) Cassini Division, which separates ring A from ring B. The view through the much narrower Encke Division, near the outer edge of ring A is less clear. Beyond the Encke Division (at left) is the faintest of Saturn's three bright rings, the C-ring or crepe ring, barely visible against the planet. The Voyager Project is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA. *Image Credit*: JPL
Saturn - Ribbon-like Wave St …
title Saturn - Ribbon-like Wave Structure in Atmosphere
date 08.30.1999
description A view of Saturn's clouds extending from 40` to 60` N latitude shows a ribbon-like wave structure in the south with small convective features marking a westward jet in the north. This image was obtained on November 10, 1980 when Voyager 1 was at a distance of 3,500,000 kilometers (2,200,000 miles) from Saturn. The smallest resolved features in this photograph are 65 kilometers (40 miles) in diameter. Images with similar resolution indicate that Saturn's circulation is somewhat different from Jupiter's. The maximum westward velocities seen on Saturn are located in the middle of the darker regions, while on Jupiter they are located at the poleward interface between belts and zones. The Voyager Project is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA. *Image Credit*: JPL
AC80-7001
Photographer : JPL Range : 7 …
9/17/80
Description Photographer : JPL Range : 76 million km. ( 47 million miles) P-22892C This, Voyager 1 image shows Saturn and five of its satellites. Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is clearly seen in the upper right corner. The smaller satellites, Dione & Tethys, are shown in the upper left corner, top and bottom respectively. Two of the innermost satellites, Mimas & Enceladus, appear to the lower right of the planet, with Mimas closest to Satun. The bright object to the left of the rings is not a moon, but an artifact of processing. Voyager 1 will make its closest approach November 12th, 1980, ata distance of 124,200 km. (77,176 mi.). this photo is just one of 17,000 images taken of Saturn, its rings, and its satellites by Voyager 1.
Date 9/17/80
Description The Saturn System
Full Description This montage of images of the Saturnian System was prepared from an assemblage of images taken by the Voyager 1 spacecraft during its Saturn encounter in November 1980. This artist's arrangement shows Dione in the forefront, Saturn rising behind, Tethys and Mimas fading in the distance to the right, Enceladus and Rhea off Saturn's rings to the left, and Titan in its distant orbit at the top. For a high resolution image, click here.
Saturn's Mimas
title Saturn's Mimas
date 11.01.1980
description The cratered surface Saturn's moon Mimas is seen in this image taken by Voyager 1 on Nov. 12, 1980 from a range of 425,000 kilometers (264,000 miles). Impact craters made by the infall of cosmic debris are shown, the largest is more than 100 kilometers (62 miles) in diameter and displays a prominent central peak. The smaller craters are abundant and indicate an ancient age for Mima's surface. *Image Credit*: NASA
Frosch Awarded Goddard Memor …
Title Frosch Awarded Goddard Memorial Trophy
Full Description Former President Jimmy Carter presents the National Space Club's Goddard Memorial Trophy to NASA Administrator Dr. Robert A. Frosch on behalf of the team that planned and executed the Voyager mission to Jupiter and beyond. The trophy is America's most prestigious space award, presented annually to an individual or group for outstanding acheivement in space, contributing to U.S. leadership in astronautics. From left to right: John Lent, Martin Marietta Company President Jimmy Carter NASA Administrator Robert A. Frosch
Date 01/01/1980
NASA Center Headquarters
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