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Search Results: All Fields similar to 'Voyager' and When equal to '1979'
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Solar System Montage of Voya
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| Title |
Solar System Montage of Voyager Images |
| Full Description |
This montage of images taken by the Voyager spacecraft of the planets and four of Jupiter's moons is set against a false-color Rosette Nebula with Earth's moon in the foreground. Studying and mapping Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and many of their moons, Voyager provided scientists with better images and data than they had ever had before or expected from the program. Although launched sixteen days after Voyager 2, Voyager 1's trajectory was a faster path, arriving at Jupiter in March 1979. Voyager 2 arrived about four months later in July 1979. Both spacecraft were then directed to Saturn with Voyager 1 arriving in November 1980 and Voyager 2 in August 1981. Voyager 2 was then diverted to the remaining gas giants, Uranus in January 1986 and Neptune in August 1989. Data collection continues by both Voyager 1 and 2 as the renamed Voyager Interstellar Mission searches for the edge of the solar wind influence (the heliopause) and exits the Solar System. A shortened list of the discoveries of Voyager 1 and 2 include:the discovery of the Uranian and Neptunian magnetospheres (magnetic environments caused by various types of planet cores), the discovery of twenty-two new satellites including three at Jupiter, three at Saturn, ten at Uranus, and six at Neptune, Io was found to have active volcanism (the only other Solar System body than Earth to be confirmed), Triton was found to have active geyser-like structures and an atmosphere, Auroral Zones (where gases become excited after being hit by solar particles) were discovered at Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune, Jupiter was found to have rings, Neptune, originally thought to be too cold to support such atmospheric disturbances, had large-scale storms. |
| Date |
UNKNOWN |
| NASA Center |
Jet Propulsion Laboratory |
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Jupiter System Montage
| Title |
Jupiter System Montage |
| Full Description |
Jupiter and its four planet-size moons, called the Galilean satellites, were photographed in early March 1979 by Voyager 1 and assembled into this collage. They are not to scale but are in their relative positions. Startling new discoveries on the Galilean moons and the planet Jupiter made by Voyager l factored into a new mission design for Voyager 2. Reddish Io (upper left) is nearest Jupiter, then Europa (center), Ganymede and Callisto (lower right). Nine other much smaller satellites circle Jupiter, one inside Io's orbit and the other millions of miles from the planet. Not visible is Jupiter's faint ring of particles, seen for the first time by Voyager 1. The Voyager Project is managed for NASA's Office of Space Science by Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. |
| Date |
06/22/1979 |
| NASA Center |
Jet Propulsion Laboratory |
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Approaching Jupiter
| Title |
Approaching Jupiter |
| Explanation |
In 1979 the Voyager 1 spacecraft [ http://vraptor.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/voyager_fs.html ] compiled this view as it approached the gas giant Jupiter [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/jupiter.html ]. Snapping a picture every time the Great Red Spot [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap960827.html ] was properly aligned, the above time-lapse sequence [ http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/PIAGenCatalogPage.pl?PIA02259 ] shows not only spot [ http://www.gfdl.gov/~gw/ ] rotation but also the swirling of neighboring clouds [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap000429.html ]. Since Jupiter [ http://www.solarviews.com/eng/jupiter.htm ] takes about 10 hours to rotate, this short sequence actually covers several days. Voyager 1 shot past Jupiter [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/jupiter.html ] rapidly taking pictures on which many discoveries [ http://www.solarviews.com/eng/vgrjup.htm ] would be made, including previously unknown cloud patterns [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970920.html ], rings [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap980916.html ], moons [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/amalthea.html#adrastea ], and active volcanoes [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap960805.html ] on Jupiter's moon Io [ http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/moons/io.html ]. Voyager is moving so fast that it will one day leave [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap980620.html ] our Solar System [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/overview.html ]. |
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Voyager 1-121
This picture of Io, Jupiter'
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3/9/79
| Date |
3/9/79 |
| Description |
This picture of Io, Jupiter's innermost Galilean satellite, was taken by Voyager 1 on the morning of March 5, 1979 at a range of 128,500 kilometers (77,100 miles). It is centered at 8 south latitude and 317 longitude. The width of the picture is about 1000 kilometeters (600 miles). The diffuse reddish and orangish colorations are probably surface deposits of sulfer compounds, salts and possibly other volcanic sublimates. The dark spot with the irregular radiating pattern near the bottom of the picture may be a volcanic crater with radiating lava flows. |
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Io
PIA01362
Jupiter
Imaging Science Subsystem -
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| Title |
Io |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
Voyager 2 took this picture of Io on the evening of July 9, 1979, from a range of 1.2 million kilometers. On the limb of Io are two blue volcanic eruption plumes about 100 kilometers high. These two plumes were first seen by Voyager 1 in March, 1979, and are designated Plume 5 (upper) and Plume 6 (lower). They have apparently been erupting for a period of at least 4 months and probably longer. A total of six plumes have been seen by Voyager 2, all of which were first seen by Voyager 1. The largest plume viewed by Voyager 1 (Plume 1) is no longer erupting. Plume 4 was not viewed on the edge of the moon's disc by Voyager 2 and therefore it is not known whether or not it is still erupting. This picture is one of a series taken to monitor the eruptions over a 6 hour period. |
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Crescent Earth and Moon
PIA00013
Sol (our sun)
| Title |
Crescent Earth and Moon |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
This picture of a crescent-shaped Earth and Moon -- the first of its kind ever taken by a spacecraft -- was recorded Sept. 18, 1977, by NASA's Voyager 1 when it was 7.25 million miles (11.66 million kilometers) from Earth. The Moon is at the top of the picture and beyond the Earth as viewed by Voyager. In the picture are eastern Asia, the western Pacific Ocean and part of the Arctic. Voyager 1 was directly above Mt. Everest (on the night side of the planet at 25 degrees north latitude) when the picture was taken. The photo was made from three images taken through color filters, then processed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Image Processing Lab. Because the Earth is many times brighter than the Moon, the Moon was artificially brightened by a factor of three relative to the Earth by computer enhancement so that both bodies would show clearly in the print. Voyager 2 was launched Aug. 20, 1977, followed by Voyager 1 on Sept. 5, 1977, en route to encounters at Jupiter in 1979 and Saturn in 1980 and 1981. JPL manages the Voyager mission for NASA's Office of Space Science. |
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Crescent-shaped Earth and Mo
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PIA01967
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem -
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| Title |
Crescent-shaped Earth and Moon |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
This picture of a crescent-shaped Earth and Moon -- the first of its kind ever taken by a spacecraft -- was recorded Sept. 18, 1977, by NASA's Voyager 1 when it was 7.25 million miles (11.66 million kilometers) from Earth. The Moon is at the top of the picture and beyond the Earth as viewed by Voyager. In the picture are eastern Asia, the western Pacific Ocean and part of the Arctic. Voyager 1 was directly above Mt. Everest (on the night side of the planet at 25 degrees north latitude) when the picture was taken. The photo was made from three images taken through color filters, then processed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Image Processing Lab. Because the Earth is many times brighter than the Moon, the Moon was artificially brightened by a factor of three relative to the Earth by computer enhancement so that both bodies would show clearly in the print. Voyager 2 was launched Aug. 20, 1977, followed by Voyager 1 on Sept. 5, 1977, en route to encounters at Jupiter in 1979 and Saturn in 1980 and 1981. JPL manages the Voyager mission for NASA. |
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Io
PIA01989
Jupiter
Imaging Science Subsystem -
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| Title |
Io |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
This Voyager 2 picture of Io was taken in ultraviolet light on the evening of July 4, 1979, at a range of 4.7 million kilometers (2.9 million miles). The bright spot on the right limb is one of the volcanic eruption plumes first photographed by Voyager 1. The plume is more than 200 kilometers (124 miles) high. The volcano apparently has been erupting since it was observed by Voyager 1 in March. This suggests that the volcanos on Io probably are in continuous eruption. |
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Changes around Marduk betwee
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PIA01066
Jupiter
Solid-State Imaging
| Title |
Changes around Marduk between Voyager, and Galileo's first two orbits |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
Detail of changes around Marduk on Jupiter's moon Io as seen by Voyager 1 in 1979 (upper left) and NASA's Galileo spacecraft between June 1996 (lower left) and September 1996 (upper and lower right). The new dark red linear feature extending southeast from Marduk is about 250 kilometers long and may be a volcanic fissure. The flow-like feature at the bottom of the images is distinct in the Voyager data, indistinct in the June Galileo data, but distinct again in the September Galileo data. This may be due to the different lighting conditions rather than volcanic activity. The Voyager 1 image uses the green, blue, and violet filters. The upper right September 1996 image from Galileo uses the violet and green filters of the solid state imaging system aboard the Galileo spacecraft and a synthetic blue to simulate Voyager colors. The lower June and September, 1996 Galileo images use the imaging system's near-infrared (756 nm), green, and violet filters. North is to the top in all frames. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is an operating division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech). This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at URL http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo |
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Voyager 1 Jupiter Southern H
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PIA02258
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem -
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| Title |
Voyager 1 Jupiter Southern Hemisphere Movie |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
This movie shows a portion of Jupiter in the southern hemisphere over 17Jupiter days. Above the white belt, notice the series of atmospheric vortices headed west. Even these early approach frames show wild dynamics in the roiling environment south of the white belt. Notice the small tumbling white cloud near the center. As Voyager 1 approached Jupiter in 1979, it took images of the planet at regular intervals. This sequence is made from 17 images taken once every Jupiter rotation period (about 10 hours). These images were acquired in the Blue filter around Feb. 1, 1979. The spacecraft was about 37 million kilometers from Jupiter at that time. This time-lapse movie was produced at JPL by the Image Processing Laboratory in 1979. |
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Closeup of an Io Volcano
| Title |
Closeup of an Io Volcano |
| Explanation |
In 1979, one of NASA's Voyager [ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/voyager.html ] spacecraft made a spectacular and unexpected discovery. Io, [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950803.html ] the innermost Galilean moon of Jupiter, was covered with volcanoes and some of them were erupting! In all, Voyager 1 observed nine volcanic eruptions during its encounter with the moon. When Voyager 2 flew past four months later it was able to confirm that at least six of them were still erupting. This Voyager image of Ra Patera, a large shield volcano, shows colorful flows up to about 200 miles long emanating from the dark central volcanic vent. For more information about volcanism on Io, see Calvin J. Hamilton's Io page [ http://www.c3.lanl.gov/~cjhamil/SolarSystem/io.html ] Tomorrow's picture: Geysers on Triton |
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A79-7076
Photographer: JPL P-21741 BW
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3/2/79
| Description |
Photographer: JPL P-21741 BW Range: 2.6 million kilometers (1.6 million miles) This picture of Io, taken by Voyager 1, shows the region of the Jovian moon which will be monitored for volcanic eruptions by Voyager 2 during the "Io movie" sequence. The white and orange patches probably are deposits of sulphur compounds and other volcanic materials. The Voyager 2 pictures of this region will be much more detailed. |
| Date |
3/2/79 |
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AC79-7076
Photographer: JPL P-21741 C
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3/2/79
| Description |
Photographer: JPL P-21741 C Range: 2.6 million kilometers (1.6 million miles) This picture of Io, taken by Voyager 1, shows the region of the Jovian moon which will be monitored for volcanic eruptions by Voyager 2 during the "Io movie" sequence. The white and orange patches probably are deposits of sulphur compounds and other volcanic materials. The Voyager 2 pictures of this region will be much more detailed. |
| Date |
3/2/79 |
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Uranus - Final Image
PIA00143
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem -
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| Title |
Uranus - Final Image |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
This view of Uranus was recorded by Voyager 2 on Jan 25, 1986, as the spacecraft left the planet behind and set forth on the cruise to Neptune Voyager was 1 million kilometers (about 600,000 miles) from Uranus when it acquired this wide-angle view. The picture -- a color composite of blue, green and orange frames -- has a resolution of 140 km (90 mi). The thin crescent of Uranus is seen here at an angle of 153 degrees between the spacecraft, the planet and the Sun. Even at this extreme angle, Uranus retains the pale blue-green color seen by ground-based astronomers and recorded by Voyager during its historic encounter. This color results from the presence of methane in Uranus' atmosphere, the gas absorbs red wavelengths of light, leaving the predominant hue seen here. The tendency for the crescent to become white at the extreme edge is caused by the presence of a high-altitude haze Voyager 2 -- having encountered Jupiter in 1979, Saturn in 1981 and Uranus in 1986 -- will proceed on its journey to Neptune. Closest approach is scheduled for Aug 24, 1989. The Voyager project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. |
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Jupiter - Io In Front of Jup
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PIA00371
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem -
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| Title |
Jupiter - Io In Front of Jupiter's Turbulent Clouds |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
This photograph of the southern hemisphere of Jupiter was obtained by Voyager 2 on June 25, 1979, at a distance of 12 million kilometers (8 million miles). The Voyager spacecraft is rapidly nearing the giant planet, with closest approach to occur at 4:23 pm PDT on July 9. Seen in front of the turbulent clouds of the planet is Io, the innermost of the large Galilean satellites of Jupiter. Io is the size of our moon. Voyager discovered in early March that Io is the most volcanically active planetary body known in the solar system, with continuous eruptions much larger than any that take place on the Earth. The red, orange, and yellow colors of Io are thought to be deposits of sulfur and sulfur compounds produced in these eruptions. The smallest features in either Jupiter or Io that can be distinguished in this picture are about 200 kilometers (125 miles) across, this resolution, it is not yet possible to identify individual volcanic eruptions. Monitoring of the erupture activity of Io by Voyager 2 will begin about July 5 and will extend past the encounter July 9. The Voyager Project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. |
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Voyager 'Blue Movie'
| title |
Voyager 'Blue Movie' |
| date |
01.06.1979 |
| description |
This is the original Voyager "Blue Movie" (so named because it was built from Blue filter images). It records the approach of Voyager 1 during a period of over 60 Jupiter days. Notice the difference in speed and direction of the various zones of the atmosphere. The interaction of the atmospheric clouds and storms shows how dynamic the Jovian atmosphere is. As Voyager 1 approached Jupiter in 1979, it took images of the planet at regular intervals. This sequence is made from 66 images taken once every Jupiter rotation period (about 10 hours). This time-lapse movie uses images taken every time Jupiter longitude 68W passed under the spacecraft. These images were acquired in the Blue filter from Jan. 6 to Feb. 3 1979. The spacecraft flew from 58 million kilometers to 31 million kilometers from Jupiter during that time. This time-lapse movie was produced at JPL by the Image Processing Laboratory in 1979. *Image Credit*: NASA/JPL |
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Pele Comparisons Since 1979
PIA00717
Jupiter
Solid-State Imaging
| Title |
Pele Comparisons Since 1979 |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
These frames detail the changes around Pele on Jupiter's moon Io, as seen by Voyager 1 (left), Voyager 2 (middle), and Galileo (right). The Voyager frames were taken in 1979 when the two spacecraft flew past Jupiter and it's moon Io. The Galileo view was obtained in June, 1996. Note the changes in the shape of the deposits further from the vent while the radial dark features closer to the vent show little change. The Voyager images use orange, blue, and violet filters. The Galileo image uses the green and violet filters of the Solid State Imaging system aboard the Galileo spacecraft and a synthetic blue. All three images are in a simple cylindrical projection and are approximately 1700 km x 1500 km. North is to the top. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA'is Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at URL http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo |
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Io - crescent with plumes
PIA02254
Jupiter
Imaging Science Subsystem -
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| Title |
Io - crescent with plumes |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
Voyager 2 took this picture of Io July 10, 1979, from a range of 1.2 million kilometers (750,000 miles). It was one of the last of an extensive sequence of "volcano watch" pictures planned as a time lapse study of the nearest of Jupiter's Galilean satellites. The sunlit crescent of Io is seen at the left, and the night side illuminated by light reflected from Jupiter can also be seen. Three volcanic eruption plumes are visible on the limb. All three were previously seen by Voyager 1. On the bright limb Plume 5 (upper) and Plume 6 (lower) are about 100 kilometers high, while Plume 2 on the dark limb is about 185 kilometers high and 325 kilometers wide. The dimensions of Plume 2 are about 1 1/2 times greater than during the Voyager 1 encounter, indicating that the intensity of the eruptions has increased during the four-month time interval between the Voyager encounters. The three volcanic eruptions and at least three others have apparently been active at roughly the same intensity or greater for a period of at least four months. |
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A79-7073
Photographer: JPL P-21738 BW
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7/6/79
| Description |
Photographer: JPL P-21738 BW Raange: 4.76 million kilometers (2.9 million miles) This Voyager 2 picture of Io was taken in ultraviolet light and shows one of the volcanic eruption plumes first photographed by Voyager 1. (the bright spot on the right limb) The plume is more than 200 kilometers (124 miles) high. The volcano apparently has been erupting since it was observed by Voyager 1 in March, 1979. This suggests that the volcanoes on Io probably are in continuous eruption. |
| Date |
7/6/79 |
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Voyager 1 Red Spot Movie
| title |
Voyager 1 Red Spot Movie |
| date |
01.06.1979 |
| description |
This movie shows the portion of Jupiter around the Great Red Spot as it swirls through more than 60 Jupiter days. Notice the difference in speed and direction of the various zones of the atmosphere. The interaction of the atmospheric clouds and storm shows the intense dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere. As Voyager 1 approached Jupiter in 1979, it took images of the planet at regular intervals. This sequence is made from 66 images taken once every Jupiter rotation period (about 10 hours). This time-lapse movie uses images taken every time Jupiter longitude 68W passed under the spacecraft. These images were acquired in the Blue filter from Jan. 6 to Feb. 3 1979. The spacecraft flew from 58 million kilometers to 31 million kilometers from Jupiter during that time. This time-lapse movie was produced at JPL by the Image Processing Laboratory in 1979. *Image Credit*: NASA |
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Jupiter's Moon Callisto
| title |
Jupiter's Moon Callisto |
| date |
03.06.1979 |
| description |
Voyager 1 image of Jupiter's moon Callisto from a distance of 350,000 km. Callisto is about 4,800 km in diameter (about the size of Mercury). Features as small as 7 km across can be seen in this image. The large "bulls-eye" at the top of the image is believed to be an impact basin formed early in Callisto's history. The bright center of the basin is about 600 km across and the outer ring is about 2600 km across. (Voyager 1, P-21287) *Image Credit*: NASA |
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Jupiter, its great Red Spot
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| Name of Image |
Jupiter, its great Red Spot three of its four largest satellites |
| Date of Image |
1979-02-05 |
| Full Description |
On February 5, 1979, Voyager 1 made its closest approach to Jupiter since early 1974 and 1975 when Pioneers 10 and 11 made their voyages to Jupiter and beyond. Voyager 1 completed its Jupiter encounter in early April, after taking almost 19,000 pictures and recording many other scientific measurements. Although astronomers had studied Jupiter from Earth for several centuries, scientists were surprised by many of Voyager 1 and 2's findings. They now understand that important physical, geological, and atmospheric processes go on that they had never observed from Earth. Discovery of active volcanism on the satellite Io was probably the greatest surprise. It was the first time active volcanoes had been seen on another body in the solar system. Voyager also discovered a ring around Jupiter. Thus Jupiter joins Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune as a ringed planet -- although each ring system is unique and distinct from the others. |
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Jupiter
PIA01324
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem -
…
| Title |
Jupiter |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
This crescent view of Jupiter was taken by Voyager 1 on March 24, 1979. This image was taken through three color filters and recombined to produce the color image. This photo was assembled from three black and white negatives by the Image Processing Lab at Jet Propulsion Laboratory. JPL manages and controls the Voyager project for NASA's Office of Space Science. |
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Io Caldera
PIA02288
Jupiter
Imaging Science Subsystem -
…
| Title |
Io Caldera |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
Voyager 1 took this narrow-angle camera image on 5 March 1979 from a distance of 69,000 kilometers. The feature shown is a volcanic caldera which may be actively spewing material into space (dark gray fuzz near the upper-right part of the caldera rim). In addition, very dark lava has flowed out of the fissure and spread on the floor of the caldera. The Voyager Project is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA's Office of Space Science. |
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Io Pele plume
PIA02287
Jupiter
Imaging Science Subsystem -
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| Title |
Io Pele plume |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
Voyager 1 took this narrow-angle camera image on 5 March 1979 from a distance of 450,000 kilometers. At this geometry, the camera looks straight down through a volcanic plume at one of Io's most active volcanos, Pele. The large heart-shaped feature is the region where Pele's plume falls to the surface. At the center of the "heart" is the small dark fissure that is the source of the eruption. The Voyager Project is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA's Office of Space Science. |
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Approaching Jupiter
| title |
Approaching Jupiter |
| date |
02.03.1979 |
| description |
This is the original Voyager 'Blue Movie' (so named because it was built from Blue filter images). It records Voyager 1's approach during a period of over 60 Jupiter days. Notice the difference in speed and direction of the various zones of the atmosphere. The interaction of the atmospheric clouds and storms shows how dynamic the Jovian atmosphere is. As Voyager 1 approached Jupiter in 1979, it took images of the planet at regular intervals. This sequence is made from 66 images taken once every Jupiter rotation period (about 10 hours). This time-lapse movie uses images taken every time Jupiter longitude 68W passed under the spacecraft. These images were acquired in the Blue filter from Jan. 6 to Feb. 3 1979. The spacecraft flew from 58 million kilometers to 31 million kilometers from Jupiter during that time. This time-lapse movie was produced at JPL by the Image Processing Laboratory in 1979. *Image Credit*: NASA |
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Volcanic Explosion on Io
| title |
Volcanic Explosion on Io |
| date |
03.04.1979 |
| description |
One of the most surprising discoveries of the Voyager 1 mission were the violent volcanoes of Jupiter's moon Io. 'This was really beyond our imagination,' recalls Dr. Ed Stone, Voyager project scientist. It was the first time active volcanoes had been seen on another body in the solar system. Voyager 1 acquired this image of Io on March 4, 1979 at 5:30 p.m. (PST) about 11 hours before closest approach to the Jupiter moon. The distance to Io was about 490,000 kilometers (304,000 miles). An enormous volcanic explosion can be seen silhouetted against dark space over Io's bright limb. The brightness of the plume has been increased by the computer as it is normally extremely faint, whereas the relative color of the plume (greenish white) has been preserved. At this time solid material had been thrown up to an altitude of about 100 miles. This requires an ejection velocity from the volcanic vent of about 1200 miles per hour, material reaching the crest of the fountain in several minutes. The vent area is a complex circular structure consisting of a bright ring about 300 kilometers in diameter and a central region of irregular dark and light patterns. Volcanic explosions similar to this occur on the Earth when magmatic gases expand explosively as material is vented. On Earth water is the major gas driving the explosion. Because Io is thought to be extremely dry, scientists are searching for other gases to explain the explosion. *Image Credit*: NASA |
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Voyager 1 Image of Ganymede
| Title |
Voyager 1 Image of Ganymede |
| Full Description |
Voyager 1 took this picture of Ganymede from a distance of 1.6 million miles. Ganymede is Jupiter's largest satellite with a radius of approximately 2600 kilometers, about 1.5 times that of Earth's Moon. Ganymede is the seventh and largest of Jupiter's known satellites and is the third of the Galilean moons. Discovered in 1610 by Galileo and Marius, Ganymede is the largest satellite in the Solar System. It was named after the Greek mythical character, Ganymede, a handsome Trojan boy that Zeus took to Olympus to be a cupbearer for the gods (one of the only humans in Greek mythology who became immortal). Ganymede is larger than Mercury but has only half Mercury's mass. It has a bulk density of only two grams per cubic centimeter, almost half that of Earth's Moon. Ganymede is most likely composed of a mixture of rock and ice. The long white filaments resemble rays associated with impacts on the lunar surface. The various colors of different regions probably represent differing surface materials. Several dots of a single color (blue, green, and orange) on the picture are the result of markings on the camera used for pointing determinations and are not physical markings. Voyager scientists discovered that Ganymede has its own magnetosphere embedded inside Jupiter's large one. JPL manages and controls the Voyager Project for NASA's Office of Space Science. |
| Date |
03/04/1979 |
| NASA Center |
Jet Propulsion Laboratory |
|
Voyager 1 View of Callisto
| Title |
Voyager 1 View of Callisto |
| Full Description |
Voyager 1 took this picture of Callisto during Voyager's approach to Jupiter's outer large satellite in 1979. Both Galileo and Marius discovered Callisto in 1610. In Greek mythology, Callisto was a nymph loved by Zeus and thus hated by Hera. Hera turned her into a bear, which Zeus placed in the heavens as the constellation Ursa Major. Voyager was 350,000 kilometers from Callisto and took this picture that shows features about seven kilometers wide across the surface. Callisto is a little smaller than Ganymede (Callisto is about the size of Mercury) and it seems that it is composed of a mixture of ice and rock (about 40 percent ice and 60 percent rock and iron). The darker color of Callisto (about half as reflective as Ganymede but still twice as bright as the Moon) implies that the upper surface is "dirty ice" or water- rich rock frozen on Callisto's cold surface (approximately -243 Fahrenheit degrees at the equator). Callisto's atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide. Far more craters appear on the surface of Callisto than on the surface of Ganymede, leading scientists to believe that Callisto is the oldest of the Galilean satellites. Callisto could date back as far as four billion years ago and has remained relatively unchanged in the history of space. |
| Date |
03/06/1979 |
| NASA Center |
Jet Propulsion Laboratory |
|
A79-7074
Photographer: JPL P-21739 BW
…
7/4/79
| Description |
Photographer: JPL P-21739 BW Range: 4.7 million kilometers (2.9 million miles) This picture of Io was taken as Voyager 2 closes in on the Jovian system. Scientists are studying these distant views of Io for evidences of changes since Voyager 1 observations in March of 79. Voyager 1 discovered that Io, the innermost of the Galilean satellites, is the most volcanically active body yet seen in the solar system, surpassing even earth. In this picture, the first volcano discovered by Voyager 1 is again visible in the lower left portion of the disk as a dark oval with a dark spot in the center. In March, this volcano appeared as a heart-shaped marking, not a symmetrical oval. Scientists believe that the non-symmetric markings earlier resulted from a constriction in the mouth of the volcanic vent causing erupting material to extrude preferentially in certain directions. Apparently, the volcanic eruptive activity, which sends material to altitudes of 280 kilometers (175 miles) or more above this volcano, has changed the vent geometry or dislodged an obstruction. Such changes in the form of eruptive fountains are common in terrestial volcanos, although on a much smaller scale than on Io. |
| Date |
7/4/79 |
|
A79-7075
Photographer: JPL P-21740 BW
…
7/7/79
| Description |
Photographer: JPL P-21740 BW Range: 2,318,000 kilometers (1,438,000 miles) This picture of Callisto taken by Voyager 2 shows the moon covered with bright spots which are metoerite impact craters--a fact originally discovered from the high resolution pictures taken by Voyager 1. Scientists believe that heavily cratered terrains like these on Callisto are indicative of ancient planetary surfaces. Voyager 2 mapped the side of Callisto not seen by Voyager 1. The obsure dark streaks in this area may be fault zones, but higher resolution pictures are needed for identification. |
| Date |
7/7/79 |
|
AC79-7075
Photographer: JPL P-21740 C
…
7/7/79
| Description |
Photographer: JPL P-21740 C Range: 2,318,000 kilometers (1,438,000 miles) This picture of Callisto taken by Voyager 2 shows the moon covered with bright spots which are metoerite impact craters--a fact originally discovered from the high resolution pictures taken by Voyager 1. Scientists believe that heavily cratered terrains like these on Callisto are indicative of ancient planetary surfaces. Voyager 2 mapped the side of Callisto not seen by Voyager 1. The obsure dark streaks in this area may be fault zones, but higher resolution pictures are needed for identification. |
| Date |
7/7/79 |
|
Disturbed Region West of the
…
PIA01519
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem -
…
| Title |
Disturbed Region West of the Great Red Spot |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
This photo from Voyager 2 was taken on June 9, 1979 and is centered over the long-lived disturbed region west of the Great Red Spot (GRS). Note that the White Oval to the lower left of the GRS has a similar chaotic region of clouds to its west. This particular White Oval, which is not the same one as that seen below the GRS by Voyager 1 in March, 1979, is moving to the right relative to the Red Spot. By the time of Voyager 2's closest approach to Jupiter on July 9, 1979 this Oval will lie just south of the Red Spot. At the time this composite was taken the spacecraft was over 24 million kilometers (15 million miles) from Jupiter. The smallest features which can be seen are roughly 450 kilometers (280 miles) across. |
|
Jupiter from Voyager 2
PIA01369
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem -
…
| Title |
Jupiter from Voyager 2 |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
This image was obtained on June 29, 1979, when Voyager 2 was 9.3 million kilometers (5.6 million miles) from the planet. The view extends from +40 to -40 latitude with size of the smallest discernable features equal to 172 kilometers (106 miles). The broad, orange band extending across the lower half of the picture is the equatorial region of the planet. All brown and white oval-shaped clouds visible in this image were observed by Voyager 1 in early March, illustrating the stability of this type of feature in the Jovian atmosphere. The turbulent region in the lower right-hand corner lies to the west of the Great Red Spot. High velocity westward winds along the southern edge combine with eastern winds along the northern edge to produce the observed effect. These individual features are short-lived. |
|
Ganymede - Galileo Mosaic Ov
…
PIA00281
Jupiter
Solid-State Imaging
| Title |
Ganymede - Galileo Mosaic Overlayed on Voyager Data in Uruk Sulcus Region |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
A mosaic of four Galileo high-resolution images of the Uruk Sulcus region of Jupiter's moon Ganymede is shown within the context of an image of the region taken by Voyager 2 in 1979. The image shows details of parallel ridges and troughs that are the principal features in the brighter regions of Ganymede. The Galileo frames unveil the fine-scale topography of Ganymede's ice-rich surface, permitting scientists to develop a detailed understanding of the processes that have shaped Ganymede. Resolution of the Galileo images is 74 meters (243 feet) per pixel, while resolution of the Voyager image is 1.3 kilometers (0.8 mile) per pixel. In this view, north is to the top, and the sun illuminates the surface from the lower left nearly overhead. The area shown, at latitude 10 degrees north, longitude 168 degrees west, is about 120 by 110 kilometers (75 by 68 miles) in extent. The image was taken June 27 at a range of 7,448 kilometers (4,628 miles). The Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science. |
|
Jupiter's Rings
| title |
Jupiter's Rings |
| date |
02.24.2007 |
| description |
The New Horizons Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) snapped this photo of Jupiter's ring system on February 24, 2007, from a distance of 7.1 million kilometers (4.4 million miles). This processed image shows a narrow ring, about 1,000 kilometers (600 miles) wide, with a fainter sheet of material inside it. The faint glow extending in from the ring is likely caused by fine dust that diffuses in toward Jupiter. This is the outer tip of the "halo," a cloud of dust that extends down to Jupiter's cloud tops. The dust will glow much brighter in pictures taken after New Horizons passes to the far side of Jupiter and looks back at the rings, which will then be sunlit from behind. Jupiter's ring system was discovered in 1979, when astronomers spied it in a single image taken by the Voyager 1 spacecraft. Months later, Voyager 2 carried out more extensive imaging of the system. It has since been examined by NASA's Galileo and Cassini spacecraft, as well as by the Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based observatories. Image Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute |
|
A79-7029
Photographer: JPL This mosai
…
2/28/79
| Description |
Photographer: JPL This mosaic of Jupiter was assembled from nine individual photos taken through an orange filter by Voyager 1 on Feb. 6, 1979, when the spacecraft was 4.7 million miles (7.8 million kilometers) from Jupiter. Distortion of the mosaic, especially where portions of the limb have been fitted together, is caused by rotation of the planet during the 96-second intervals between individual pictures. The large atmospheric feature just below and to the right of center is the Great Red Spot. The complex structure of the cloud formations seen over the entire planet gives some hint of the equally complex motions in the Voyager 1 time-lapse photography. The smallest atomospheric features seen in this view are approximately 85 miles (140 kilometers) across. Voyager project is managed and controlled by Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA's Office of Space Science. (JPL ref. No. P-21146) |
| Date |
2/28/79 |
|
A79-7082
Photographer: JPL P-21749 BW
…
7/8/79
| Description |
Photographer: JPL P-21749 BW Range: 6 million kilometers (4 million miles) This photograph of Ganymede, the largest satellite of Jupiter, is shown at approximately the same distance as that photographed at close range by Voyager 1 in March. This picture, taken by Voyager 2, illustrates well the light, bluish regions near the north and south poles. It is known that there is exposed water ice on the surface of Ganymede, and pehaps these polar caps are composed of a light covering of water ice or frost. Voyager 2 will pass within 63,000 kilometers (39,000 miles) of Ganymede. |
| Date |
7/8/79 |
|
AC79-7082
Photographer: JPL P-21749 C
…
7/8/79
| Description |
Photographer: JPL P-21749 C Range: 6 million kilometers (4 million miles) This photograph of Ganymede, the largest satellite of Jupiter, is shown at approximately the same distance as that photographed at close range by Voyager 1 in March. This picture, taken by Voyager 2, illustrates well the light, bluish regions near the north and south poles. It is known that there is exposed water ice on the surface of Ganymede, and pehaps these polar caps are composed of a light covering of water ice or frost. Voyager 2 will pass within 63,000 kilometers (39,000 miles) of Ganymede. |
| Date |
7/8/79 |
|
Jupiter from Voyager
| Title |
Jupiter from Voyager |
| Explanation |
This picture [ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/caption/redspot.txt ] of the planet Jupiter [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/jupiter.html ] was taken by the Voyager 1 [ http://vraptor.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/vgrfaqs.html ] spacecraft as it passed the planet in 1979. Jupiter [ http://www.hawastsoc.org/solar/eng/jupiter.htm ], a gas giant planet with no solid surface, is the largest planet in the Solar System [ http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/overview.html ] and is made mostly of the hydrogen and helium. Clearly visible in the above photo [ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-jupiter.html ] is the Great Red Spot [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap960827.html ], a giant, hurricane [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970819.html ]-like storm system that rotates with the clouds of Jupiter [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970920.html ]. It is so large three complete Earths could fit inside it. Astronomers have recorded this giant storm [ http://tnj.phys.tue.nl/Intro/redspot.html ] on Jupiter for over 300 years. |
|
Voyager 1 Red Spot Movie
PIA02259
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem -
…
| Title |
Voyager 1 Red Spot Movie |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
This movie shows the portion of Jupiter around the Great Red Spot as it swirls through more than 60 Jupiter days. Notice the difference in speed and direction of the various zones of the atmosphere. The interaction of the atmospheric clouds and storm shows how dynamic the Jovian atmosphere is. As Voyager 1 approached Jupiter in 1979, it took images of the planet at regular intervals. This sequence is made from 66 images taken once every Jupiter rotation period (about 10 hours). This time-lapse movie uses images taken every time Jupiter longitude 68W passed under the spacecraft. These images were acquired in the Blue filter from Jan. 6 to Feb. 3 1979. The spacecraft flew from 58 million kilometers to 31 million kilometers from Jupiter during that time. This time-lapse movie was produced at JPL by the Image Processing Laboratory in 1979. |
|
Voyager 2 Jupiter Eruption M
…
PIA02257
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem -
…
| Title |
Voyager 2 Jupiter Eruption Movie |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
This movie records an eruptive event in the southern hemisphere of Jupiter over a period of 8 Jupiter days. Prior to the event, an undistinguished oval cloud mass cruised through the turbulent atmosphere. The eruption occurs over avery short time at the very center of the cloud. The white eruptive material is swirled about by the internal wind patterns of the cloud. As a result of the eruption, the cloud then becomes a type of feature seen elsewhere on Jupiter known as "spaghetti bowls". As Voyager 2 approached Jupiter in 1979, it took images of the planet at regular intervals. This sequence is made from 8 images taken once every Jupiter rotation period (about 10 hours). These images were acquired in the Violet filter around May 6, 1979. The spacecraft was about 50 million kilometers from Jupiter at that time. This time-lapse movie was produced at JPL by the Image Processing Laboratory in 1979. |
|
Europa - Full Disk
PIA00016
Jupiter
| Title |
Europa - Full Disk |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
This picture of Europa, the smallest Galilean satellite, was taken in the afternoon of March 4, 1979, from a distance of about 2 million kilometers (1.2 million miles) by Voyager 1. This face of Europa is centered at about the 300` meridian. The resolution of this picture of Europa is about the best that will be obtained by Voyager 1, but the second spacecraft will take much clearer photographs of this satellite in July. The bright areas are probably ice deposits while the darkened areas may be the rocky surface or areas with a more patchy distribution of ice. The most unusual features are the systems of long linear structures which cross the surface in various directions. Some of these linear structures are over a thousand kilometers long and about 2 or 3 hundred kilometers wide. They may be fractures or faults which have disrupted the surface. JPL manages and controls the Voyager Project for NASA's Office of Space Science. |
|
Jupiter Great Red Spot Mosai
…
PIA00022
Sol (our sun)
| Title |
Jupiter Great Red Spot Mosaic |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
This photo of Jupiter's Great Red Spot was taken by Voyager 1 in early March 1979. Distance from top to bottom of the picture is 15,000 miles (24,000 kilometers). Smallest features visible are about 20 miles (30 kilometers) across. The white feature below the Great Red Spot is one of several white ovals that were observed to form about 40 years ago, they move around Jupiter at a different velocity from the Red Spot. During the Voyager 1 encounter period, material was observed to revolve around the center of the spot with a period of six days. The Voyager project is managed for NASA's Office of Space Science by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. |
|
Volcanic Caldera on Io
PIA00021
Jupiter
| Title |
Volcanic Caldera on Io |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
This photograph of Jupiter's satellite Io shows what appears to be a volcanic caldera that is venting gasses (the bright blue patch at left center). In the photo is a network of volcanic calderas with dark floors linked by bright red materials. The northernmost caldera has a bright blue patch on the floor. Scientists believe the bright blue patch may be clouds of gas issuing from volcanic vents. The gas clouds may condense to form extremely fine particles that appear blue. Since Voyager 1's infrared spectrometer has discovered sulfur dioxide on Io, it is possible that sulfur dioxide is the main component of the clouds. Sulfur dioxide clouds would rapidly freeze and snow back to the surface. It is also possible that dark areas in the floors of the calderas are pools of molten sulfur, a very dark form of sulfur. The picture was taken March 5, 1979, as Voyager 1 approached Io. Photo was taken from 80,500 miles (129,600 kilometers). The Voyager Project is managed and controlled for NASA's Office of Space Science by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. |
|
Io
PIA02280
Jupiter
Imaging Science Subsystem -
…
| Title |
Io |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
This picture of Io, Jupiter's innermost Galilean satellite, was taken by Voyager 1 on the morning of March 5, 1979, during the closest approach to this satellite. The picture was recorded on the onboard tape recorder and then sent back to Earth on the morning of March 7, 1979. Voyager 1 was at a range of 30,800 km (18,480 mi) from Io when the picture was taken. This region of Io is centered at 67 degrees south latitude and 328 degrees longitude. The picture width is about 246 km (147 mi). The smallest features visible are about 0.3 km (0.2 mi) across. The picture shows an irregularly shaped composite crater about 50 km (30 mi) in diameter with dark flows radiating from its rim. The crater is a volcanic caldera and the dark flows are probably low viscosity lavas possibly of basaltic composition. Some of the lava flows are over 100 km long and 15 km wide. Similar but smaller flows and craters occur on the island of Hawaii. JPL manages and controls the Voyager Project for NASA's Office of Space Science. |
|
A79-7108
Photographer : JPL Range : 1
…
7/10/79
| Description |
Photographer : JPL Range : 1.5 million km ( 930,000 miles ) This high resolution view of Jupitor's ring, part of a set obtained by Voyager 2 (A79-7101), suggests that it may be divided into several components, as are the rings of Saturn. The ring was unexpectedly bright, due to forward scattering of sunlight by small ring particles. The rings were discovered 4 months ago by Voyager 1. The "V" shaped figure to the left is caused by a star image which was trailed out as the camera moved slightly during the long exposure. |
| Date |
7/10/79 |
|
A79-7109
Photographer : JPL Range : 1
…
7/10/79
| Description |
Photographer : JPL Range : 1.5 million km ( 930,000 miles ) This high resolution view of Jupitor's ring, part of a set obtained by Voyager 2 (A79-7101), suggests that it may be divided into several components, as are the rings of Saturn. Seen within the inner edge of the brighter ring is a fainter ring, which may extend all the way down to Jupiter's cloud tops. The ring was unexpectedly bright, due to forward scattering of sunlight by small ring particles. The rings were discovered in March 1979 by Voyager 1. |
| Date |
7/10/79 |
|
Erupting Volcanoes on Io
| Title |
Erupting Volcanoes on Io |
| Explanation |
Jupiter's moon Io has active volcanoes. The Voyager spacecraft [ http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/mip/voyager.html ] caught several erupting when they passed the energetic moon in 1979. In the above picture, several of Io's volcanoes [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950804.html ] are visible and one is seen actually erupting. Debris from this explosive event can be seen on the upper left of the photo, just beyond Io's edge. Io [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950803.html ]'s volcanism is thought to be caused by the large tidal distortions raised by Jupiter [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950625.html ], Europa [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950905.html ], and Ganymede [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950904.html ]. These tides stretch Io [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap960719.html ], cause internal friction, and thus heat the interior. The hot interior then expands and forces its way out through volcanoes. Currently, the spacecraft Galileo [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap951206.html ] is orbiting Jupiter [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap951208.html ] and photographing Jupiter's Galilean moons [ http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap960710.html ]. |
|
Jupiter Plume
PIA01518
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem -
…
| Title |
Jupiter Plume |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
Reconstruction of a plume on Jupiter, photographed on March 1, 1979. JPL manages and controls the Voyager project for NASA s Office of Space Science. |
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