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View of Jupiter
Title View of Jupiter
Full Description This view of Jupiter shows the giant planet's cloud tops taken by the Pioneer 10 spacecraft as it flew past Jupiter last December. This view was taken from 2,695,000 kilometers (1,842,451 miles) away. It shows the 25,000 mile long Great Red Spot, which is large enough to swallow up several Earths. Individual cloud formations are visible in some detail. The bright zones appear to become split up into the detailed flow patterns of Jupiter's atmosphere and clouds. The area surrounding the Spot in the bright South Tropical Zone, suggests a flow pattern about the Spot which is bulged toward the north by the Spot. The Spot may be a gigantic "permanent hurricane." The gigantic cloud swirls are thousands or more miles across. Pioneer 10 flew past Jupiter in December 1974 and flew past the orbit of Pluto in 1987. A sister spacecraft, Pioneer 11 reached Jupiter in December 1975. The Pioneer Project was managed by NASA's Ames Research Center, Mountain View, Calafornia. The spacecraft was built by TRW Systems.
Date 01/01/1975
NASA Center Headquarters
Pioneer 10 Trajectory
Title Pioneer 10 Trajectory
Full Description This image, drawn in 1970, is an artist's rendering of the Pioneer 10 spacecraft trajectory, with the planets labeled and a list of the instruments that were intended to be flown. Before the use of computer animation, artists were hired by JPL and NASA to depict a spacecraft in flight, for use as a visual aid to promote the project during development. Pioneer 10 was managed by NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California. The Pioneer F spacecraft, as it was known before launch, was designed and built by TRW Systems Group, Inc. JPL developed three instruments that flew on the spacecraft: Magnetic Fields, S-Band Occultation, and Celestial Mechanics, as well as running the Deep Space Network which provided tracking and data system support. Caltech was responsible for the Jovian Infrared Thermal Structure experiment. Pioneer was very successful, crossing the orbit of Mars and the asteroid belt beyond it, encountering, studying, and photographing Jupiter, then crossing the orbits of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It left the solar system in 1983 and has been contacted several times in the past few years. As of July 2001, the spacecraft was still able to send a return signal to Earth. At Jupiter, the experiments of Pioneer were used to examine the environmental and atmospheric characteristics of the giant planet. Pioneer was also the vital precursor to all future flights to the outer solar system. It determined that a spacecraft could safely fly through the asteroid belt. It also measured the intensity of Jupiter's radiation belt so that NASA could design future Jupiter (and other outer planets) orbiters.
Date 03/07/1972
NASA Center Jet Propulsion Laboratory
AC73-9341
Composite Pioneer 10 imagery …
1973
Description Composite Pioneer 10 imagery Excitement rose as the PICS displayed images of Jupiter of ever-increasing size as Pioneer 10 plunged at high speed toward its closest approach to the planet. The most dramatic moment was perhaps after closest approach and after the spacecraft has been hidden behind Jupiter. PICS (Pioneer Image Converter System) began to show a few spots on the screens, which gradually built up into a very distorted crescent-shaped Jupiter. "Sunrise on Jupiter," exclaimed an experimenter excitedly. "We've made it safely through periapsis." Subsequent PICS images were of a crescent Jupiter gradually decreasing in size as the spacecraft sped away out of the Jovian system. Note: used in NASA SP-349 "Pioneer Odyssey - Encounter with a Giant" fig. 5-15 and SP-446 " Pioneer - First to Jupiter, Saturn, and Beyond" fig. 5-16.
Date 1973
Pioneer F Plaque Location
Title Pioneer F Plaque Location
Full Description The Pioneer F spacecraft, destined to be the first man made object to escape from the solar system into interstellar space, carries this pictorial plaque. It is designed to show scientifically educated inhabitants of some other star system, who might intercept it millions of years from now, when Pioneer was launched, from where, and by what kind of beings. (Hopefully, any aliens reading the plaque will not use this knowledge to immediately invade Earth.) The design is etched into a 6 inch by 9 inch gold-anodized aluminum plate, attached to the spacecraft's attenna support struts in a position to help shield it from erosion by interstellar dust. The radiating lines at left represents the positions of 14 pulsars, a cosmic source of radio energy, arranged to indicate our sun as the home star of our civilization. The "1-" symbols at the ends of the lines are binary numbers that represent the frequencies of these pulsars at the time of launch of Pioneer F relative of that to the hydrogen atom shown at the upper left with a "1" unity symbol. The hydrogen atom is thus used as a "universal clock," and the regular decrease in the frequencies of the pulsars will enable another civilization to determine the time that has elapsed since Pioneer F was launched. The hydrogen is also used as a "universal yardstick" for sizing the human figures and outline of the spacecraft shown on the right. The hydrogen wavelength, about 8 inches, multiplied by the binary number representing "8" shown next to the woman gives her height, 64 inches. The figures represent the type of creature that created Pioneer. The man's hand is raised in a gesture of good will. Across the bottom are the planets, ranging outward from the Sun, with the spacecraft trajectory arching away from Earth, passing Mars, and swinging by Jupiter.
Date 02/25/1972
NASA Center Headquarters
Pioneer F Plaque Symbology
Title Pioneer F Plaque Symbology
Full Description The Pioneer F spacecraft, destined to be the first man made object to escape from the solar system into interstellar space, carries this pictorial plaque. It is designed to show scientifically educated inhabitants of some other star system, who might intercept it millions of years from now, when Pioneer was launched, from where, and by what kind of beings. (With the hope that they would not invade Earth.) The design is etched into a 6 inch by 9 inch gold-anodized aluminum plate, attached to the spacecraft's attenna support struts in a position to help shield it from erosion by interstellar dust. The radiating lines at left represents the positions of 14 pulsars, a cosmic source of radio energy, arranged to indicate our sun as the home star of our civilization. The "1-" symbols at the ends of the lines are binary numbers that represent the frequencies of these pulsars at the time of launch of Pioneer F relative of that to the hydrogen atom shown at the upper left with a "1" unity symbol. The hydrogen atom is thus used as a "universal clock," and the regular decrease in the frequencies of the pulsars will enable another civilization to determine the time that has elapsed since Pioneer F was launched. The hydrogen is also used as a "universal yardstick" for sizing the human figures and outline of the spacecraft shown on the right. The hydrogen wavelength, about 8 inches, multiplied by the binary number representing "8" shown next to the woman gives her height, 64 inches. The figures represent the type of creature that created Pioneer. The man's hand is raised in a gesture of good will. Across the bottom are the planets, ranging outward from the Sun, with the spacecraft trajectory arching away from Earth, passing Mars, and swinging by Jupiter.
Date 02/25/1972
NASA Center Headquarters
Launch of the Atlas-Centaur, …
Name of Image Launch of the Atlas-Centaur, Pioneer G
Date of Image 1973-04-15
Full Description The launch of the Atlas-Centaur carrying the Pioneer G (11) spacecraft on April 5, 1973. The objects of this flight was to explore the planet Jupiter and its environment.
Testing Pioneer F Spacecraft
Title Testing Pioneer F Spacecraft
Full Description Technicians prepare Pioneer F spacecraft for testing in the Space Simulation Chamber at TRW Systems, Redondo Beach, California. The chamber subjects the spacecraft to the heat, cold, vacuum and simulated radiation that it encounters in space. Pioneer F is the first spacecraft designed to travel into the outer solar system and operate effectively there, for possibly as long as seven years and as far from the sun as 1.5 billion miles. Its primary objective will be to take the first close-up look at the planet Jupiter, its moons and environment.
Date 01/25/1972
NASA Center Headquarters
A73-9044-2
Pioneer 10, Mission to Jupit …
11/21/73
Description Pioneer 10, Mission to Jupiter Project Manager Charlie Hall leads the Pioneer staff through his efficient stand-up meeting (also shown (L-foreground) Skip Nunamaker and (R-foreground) Richard Fimmel
Date 11/21/73
Juno II
Name of Image Juno II
Date of Image 1959-03-03
Full Description Wernher von Braun and his team were responsible for the Jupiter-C hardware. The family of launch vehicles developed by the team also came to include the Juno II, which was used to launch the Pioneer IV satellite on March 3, 1959. Pioneer IV passed within 37,000 miles of the Moon before going into solar orbit.
Juno II
title Juno II
date 03.03.1959
description Von Braun and his team were responsible for the Jupiter-C hardware. The family of launch vehicles, developed by the team, also came to include the Juno II used to launch the Pioneer IV satellite on March 3, 1959. Pioneer IV passed within 37,000 miles of the moon before going into solar orbit. *Image Credit*: NASA
Juno II (AM-14)
Name of Image Juno II (AM-14)
Date of Image 1959-03-03
Full Description Juno II (AM-14) on the launch pad just prior to launch, March 3, 1959. The payload of AM-14 was Pioneer IV, America's first successful lunar mission. The Juno II was a modification of Jupiter ballistic missile
A73-9045-2
Date: Nov 21, 1973 Photograp …
11/21/73
Description Date: Nov 21, 1973 Photographer: Lee Jones Dr G Munch and Dr D.l. Judge sit on Press Panel during the Pioneer 10 Mission to Jupiter live from Ames Research Center
Date 11/21/73
AC72-1350
Artwork Pioneer 10 mission a …
2/1/72
Description Artwork Pioneer 10 mission artwork depicts Jupiter and it's moons (Used in NASA SP-349)
Date 2/1/72
AC72-2142
Photographer: KSC Launch of …
3/2/72
Description Photographer: KSC Launch of Pioneer 10 to Jupiter occured at 8:49 p.m. EST March 2, 1972
Date 3/2/72
AC73-9253
Photograph by Pioneer 10 Jup …
12/2/73
Description Photograph by Pioneer 10 Jupiter at a range of 2584000km (ref: image number sequence A-51 (before) during the 4 days on either side of closest approach)
Date 12/2/73
AC74-9009
Artwork for the U. S. Postag …
1/16/74
Description Artwork for the U. S. Postage Stamp released in commemoration of the Pioneer 10 to Jupiter Mission released February 28, 1975 in a ceremony at Ames Research Center
Date 1/16/74
AC74-9032-234
Pioneer 11 Mission to Jupite …
12/2/74
Description Pioneer 11 Mission to Jupiter: encounter briefing with (L-R) Dr. E. J. Smith, Dr J. A. Van Allen, and Dr D. L. Judge
Date 12/2/74
AC74-9036-236
Dr. E. J. Smith (L) Dr. Jame …
12/1/74
Description Dr. E. J. Smith (L) Dr. James Van Allen (R) during press conference for Pioneer 11 Jupiter encounter
Date 12/1/74
AC74-9036-28
Dr. James Pollack (Ames) and …
12/1/74
Description Dr. James Pollack (Ames) and Dr Tom Gehrels during press conference for Pioneer 11 Jupiter encounter
Date 12/1/74
AC74-9036-60
Dr James Van Allen (L) and D …
12/1/74
Description Dr James Van Allen (L) and Dr E. J. Smith (R) during press conference for Pioneer 11 Jupiter encounter
Date 12/1/74
AC74-9036-61
Dr E. J.Smith, John Wolf (Am …
12/1/74
Description Dr E. J.Smith, John Wolf (Ames) and Charles Hall (Ames) confer during press conference for Pioneer 11 Jupiter encounter
Date 12/1/74
AC74-9036-62
Dr E. J.Smith, John Wolf (Am …
12/1/74
Description Dr E. J.Smith, John Wolf (Ames) and Charles Hall (Ames) confer during press conference for Pioneer 11 Jupiter encounter
Date 12/1/74
Early Voyager 1 Images of Ju …
PIA00454
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem - …
Title Early Voyager 1 Images of Jupiter
Original Caption Released with Image These Jupiter photographs are part of a set taken by Voyager 1 on December 10 and 11, 1978 from a distance of 83 million km (52 million miles) or more than half the distance from the Earth to the sun. At this range, Voyager 1 is able to record more detail on the giant planet than the very best ground-based telescopes. The highest resolution ever obtained on the Jovian disk was recorded by Pioneer 11 four years ago. Voyager, however, has longer focal-length optics than Pioneer, and while nearly three months from encounter (~ March 1979) was able to achieve higher resolution than that obtained by Pioneer only 24 hours from its encounter on 3 December 1974. Jupiter's colorful and turbulent atmosphere is evident in these photographs. The entire visible surface of the planet is made up of multiple layers of clouds, composed primarily of ammonia ice crystals colored by small amounts of materials of unknown composition. The Great Red Spot, seen to the lower left of 2 and lower right of 3, is now recovering from a period of relative inconspicuousness. An atmospheric system larger than the Earth and more than 100 years old, the Great Red Spot remains a mystery and a challenge to Voyager instruments. A bright convective cloud (center of and right of center in 4) displays a plume which has been swept westward (to the left) by local currents in the planet's equatorial wind system. Below and to the left and right of the Great Red Spot are a pair of white oval clouds, a third can be seen in 1. All three were formed almost 40 years ago and are the second oldest class of discrete features identified in the Jovian atmosphere. Each of the pictures was produced from blue, green, and orange originals in JPL's Image Processing Laboratory.
AC70-1033
Artwork Pioneer F/G spacecra …
1/11/70
Description Artwork Pioneer F/G spacecraft artwork, Jupiter probe
Date 1/11/70
AC72-1281
Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer …
1/26/72
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer F spacecraft in orbit around Jupiter
Date 1/26/72
AC72-2138
Photographer: KSC Pioneer-10 …
2/26/72
Description Photographer: KSC Pioneer-10 (or F) spacecraft encapsulated and moving to pad at Cape Kennedy for matting with a Atlas-Centaura launch vehicle in preparation for mission to Jupiter
Date 2/26/72
AC72-2139
Photographer: KSC A pre laun …
2/26/72
Description Photographer: KSC A pre launch view of Pioneer-10 (or F) spacecraft encapsulated and mated with a Atlas-Centaura launch vehicle in preparation for mission to Jupiter
Date 2/26/72
AC72-2140
Photographer: KSC A pre laun …
2/26/72
Description Photographer: KSC A pre launch view of Pioneer-10 (or F) spacecraft encapsulated and mated with a Atlas-Centaura launch vehicle in preparation for mission to Jupiter
Date 2/26/72
AC73-4247-1
Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer …
8/28/73
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer (10) passing Jupiter (cropped) Mission art
Date 8/28/73
AC73-4247-2
Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer …
8/28/73
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer (10) passing Jupiter
Date 8/28/73
AC73-4247-3
Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer …
8/28/73
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer (10) passing Jupiter (cropped)
Date 8/28/73
AC73-4247-4
Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer …
8/28/73
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer (10) passing Jupiter (cropped)
Date 8/28/73
AC73-4247-5
Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer …
8/28/73
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer (10) passing Jupiter
Date 8/28/73
AC73-4247-6
Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer …
8/28/73
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer (10) passing Jupiter
Date 8/28/73
AC73-4247
Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer …
8/28/73
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer (10) passing Jupiter
Date 8/28/73
AC73-9345
Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer …
11/16/73
Description Artist: Rick Guidice Pioneer Jupiter encounters Artwork: The gravity of Jupiter (or of Saturn), coupled with its orbital motion, can be used in a slingshot technique to speed spacecraft to the outer planets. (S.P. fig. no. 1-21).
Date 11/16/73
AC89-0146-1
Artist: unknown Jupiter Miss …
3/22/89
Description Artist: unknown Jupiter Mission: Pioneer Galileo Entry Probe Artwork
Date 3/22/89
AC89-0146-2
Artist: unknown Jupiter Miss …
3/22/89
Description Artist: unknown Jupiter Mission: Pioneer Galileo Entry Probe Artwork (descent and separation)
Date 3/22/89
AC89-0146-3
Artist: C Kallas Jupiter Mis …
3/22/89
Description Artist: C Kallas Jupiter Mission: Pioneer Galileo Entry Probe Artwork (heatshield separation) (jpl ref: 4S30599)
Date 3/22/89
Dr. von Braun and Dr. Debus …
Name of Image Dr. von Braun and Dr. Debus During CM-21 Firing
Date of Image 1959-01-21
Full Description In this photo, (left to right) Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) Missile Firing Laboratory Chief Dr. Kurt Debus, Director of the ABMA Development Operations Division, Dr. von Braun and an unidentified individual in blockhouse during the CM-21 (Jupiter) firing. The Jupiter missile CM-21 became the first Chrysler production qualification missile to be fired and in March 1959 launched the Pioneer IV.
Juno II
Name of Image Juno II
Date of Image 1959-08-14
Full Description The Juno II launch vehicle, shown here, was a modified Jupiter Intermediate-Range Ballistic missionile, developed by Dr. Wernher von Braun and the rocket team at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama. Between December 1958 and April 1961, the Juno II launched space probes Pioneer III and IV, as well as Explorer satellites VII, VIII and XI.
Saturn's Magnetosphere
Description Saturn's Magnetosphere
Full Description The magnetosphere is an area of space, around a planet, that is controlled by that planet's magnetic field. Saturn is surrounded by a giant magnetic field, lined up with the rotation axis of the planet. This cannot be explained by current theories. Cassini may explain how the puzzling magnetic field of Saturn is generated. This magnetic field may also cause strange features in the rings called 'spokes'. These markings fall across the rings like spokes in a wheel and may be caused by electrically charged particles caught up in the magnetic field, but there are as yet no detailed theories about them. The brief reconnaissance encounters of the Pioneer 11 and the two Voyager spacecraft have provided most of our current information about the structure and dynamics of Saturn's magnetosphere. Here are some things that we do know: * Saturn's 'bow shock', the region point where the solar wind and the planet's magnetic field meet, much like the bow wave of a ship, is between 20 and 35 times Saturn's radius out into space. * The thickness of the bow shock is about 2000 kilometres. * Saturn's internal magnetic field is closely aligned with the planet's axis of rotation (within 1 degree). Saturn's magnetosphere appears to be intermediate in nature to those of Earth and Jupiter. As with Jupiter's magnetosphere, the dayside inner magnetosphere is mostly driven by the fast planetary rotation. However at night, it is expected that the nightside and outer magnetosphere is primarily driven by the solar wind, as is the case on Earth. * There is an electrical current (the 'equatorial ring current') flowing with about 10 000 000 Amps around 600 000 kilometres above Saturn. * Saturn Kilometric Radiation (SKR) is the principal radio emission from Saturn. SKR is believed to be linked to the way electrons in the solar wind interact with the magnetic field at Saturn's poles. Click here for a high resolution version. *Credit:* ESA
Date June 2, 2004
Saturn's Magnetosphere
Description Saturn's Magnetosphere
Full Description The magnetosphere is an area of space, around a planet, that is controlled by that planet's magnetic field. Saturn is surrounded by a giant magnetic field, lined up with the rotation axis of the planet. This cannot be explained by current theories. Cassini may explain how the puzzling magnetic field of Saturn is generated. This magnetic field may also cause strange features in the rings called 'spokes'. These markings fall across the rings like spokes in a wheel and may be caused by electrically charged particles caught up in the magnetic field, but there are as yet no detailed theories about them. The brief reconnaissance encounters of the Pioneer 11 and the two Voyager spacecraft have provided most of our current information about the structure and dynamics of Saturn's magnetosphere. Here are some things that we do know: * Saturn's 'bow shock', the region point where the solar wind and the planet's magnetic field meet, much like the bow wave of a ship, is between 20 and 35 times Saturn's radius out into space. * The thickness of the bow shock is about 2000 kilometres. * Saturn's internal magnetic field is closely aligned with the planet's axis of rotation (within 1 degree). Saturn's magnetosphere appears to be intermediate in nature to those of Earth and Jupiter. As with Jupiter's magnetosphere, the dayside inner magnetosphere is mostly driven by the fast planetary rotation. However at night, it is expected that the nightside and outer magnetosphere is primarily driven by the solar wind, as is the case on Earth. * There is an electrical current (the 'equatorial ring current') flowing with about 10 000 000 Amps around 600 000 kilometres above Saturn. * Saturn Kilometric Radiation (SKR) is the principal radio emission from Saturn. SKR is believed to be linked to the way electrons in the solar wind interact with the magnetic field at Saturn's poles. Click here for a high resolution version. *Credit:* ESA
Date June 2, 2004
Hubble Provides the First Im …
Title Hubble Provides the First Images of Saturn's Aurorae
Hubble Monitors Weather on N …
Title Hubble Monitors Weather on Neighboring Planets
NASA's Hubble Space Telescop …
Title NASA's Hubble Space Telescope Produces Clear Color Photo of Jupiter
AC70-1034
Pioneer F/G spacecraft in or …
1/14/71
Description Pioneer F/G spacecraft in orbit around Jupiter artwork
Date 1/14/71
Juno II Launch Vehicle
Name of Image Juno II Launch Vehicle
Date of Image 1958-01-01
Full Description The modified Jupiter C (sometimes called Juno I), used to launch Explorer I, had minimum payload lifting capabilities. Explorer I weighed slightly less than 31 pounds. Juno II was part of America's effort to increase payload lifting capabilities. Among other achievements, the vehicle successfully launched a Pioneer IV satellite on March 3, 1959, and an Explorer VII satellite on October 13, 1959. Responsibility for Juno II passed from the Army to the Marshall Space Flight Center when the Center was activated on July 1, 1960. On November 3, 1960, a Juno II sent Explorer VIII into a 1,000-mile deep orbit within the ionosphere.
Hubble Provides Clear Images …
Title Hubble Provides Clear Images of Saturn's Aurora
General Information What is an American Astronomical Society Meeting release? A major news announcement issued at an American Astronomical Society meeting, the premier astronomy conference. Here is the picture of Saturn taken by the Hubble telescope in ultraviolet light. The glowing, swirling material at Saturn's poles is its auroral "curtains," rising more than a thousand miles above the cloud tops. Saturn's auroral displays are caused by an energetic wind from the Sun that sweeps over the planet, much like Earth's aurora, which is occasionally seen in the nighttime sky. The process that triggers these auroras is similar to the phenomenon that causes fluorescent lamps to glow.
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